This paper presents the results of an experimental study to quantify the effects of bed slope and relative submergence on incipient motion of sediment under decelerating flows. Experiments were conducted in an experimental tilting-flume of 8 m long 0.4 m wide and 0.6 m deep with glass-walls. Three uniform sediments with median grain sizes of 0.95, 1.8 and 3.8 mm and three bed slopes of 0.0075, 0.0125 and 0.015 were used under decelerating flow. The main conclusion is that the Shields diagram, which is commonly used to evaluate the critical shear stress, is not suitable to predict the critical shear stress under decelerating flows.
The paper presents the experimental results of turbulent flow over hydraulically smooth and rough beds. Experiments were conducted in a rectangular flume under the aspect ratio b/h = 2 (b = width of the channel 0.5 m, and h = flow depth 0.25 m) for both the bed conditions. For the hydraulically rough bed, the roughness was created by using 3/8″ commercially available angular crushed stone chips; whereas sand of a median diameter d50 = 1.9 mm was used as the bed material for hydraulically smooth bed. The three-dimensional velocity components were captured by using a Vectrino (an acoustic Doppler velocimeter). The study focuses mainly on the turbulent characteristics within the dip that were observed towards the sidewall (corner) of the channel where the maximum velocity occurs below the free-surface. It was also observed that the nondimensional Reynolds shear stress changes its sign from positive to negative within the dip. The quadrant plots for the turbulent bursting shows that the signs of all the bursting events change within the dip. Below the dip, the probability of the occurrence of sweeps and ejections are more than that of inward and outward interactions. On the other hand, within the dip, the probability of the occurrence of the outward and inward interactions is more than that of sweeps and ejections.
Experience resulting from the extreme flood events in the Czech Republic in recent years has stressed the need to keep developing and evaluating the practical performance of methodologies that will lead to more detailed investigations of flood flow characteristics. Various numerical models and modeling techniques can be used and are continuously being developed. The properties of the numerical model and the quality of the numerical modeling of flood events are influenced by the choice of governing equations, selection of the dimensionality of the model, and the application of simplification approaches. The paper presents a comparison of flood simulation results obtained by three different types of numerical models. The comparison shows possible errors, and practical consequences that can arise from the application of simplified numerical models in inadequate situations. and Zkušenosti z průběhu extrémních povodní v minulosti i v poslední době prokazují naléhavou potřebu dalšího výzkumu v oblasti předpovídání a detailního zkoumání podmínek průchodu povodní koryty řek a k nim přilehlým inundačním územím. Ke zkoumání uvedené problematiky se v současné době využívají především různé numerické modely. Kromě volby výchozí soustavy řídících rovnic a metody použité k jejich numerickému řešení ovlivňuje vlastnosti použitého numerického modelu a předpokládanou využitelnost výsledků modelování především dimenzionalita modelu spolu s použitou prostorovou schematizací. V článku jsou na příkladě porovnání výsledků vybraných typů numerických modelů ukázány některé praktické důsledky zvolené prostorové schematizace a naznačeny chyby, které mohou vyplynout při aplikaci zjednodušených numerických modelů v neadekvátních podmínkách.