Monozoic cestodes of the recently amended genus Promonobothrium Mackiewicz, 1968 (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), parasites of suckers (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) in North America, are reviewed, with information on their host specificity, distribution and data on the scolex morphology of seven species studied for the first time using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Evaluation of type and voucher specimens from museum collections and newly collected material of most species indicated the following valid nominal species: Promonobothrium minytremi Mackiewicz, 1968 (type species); P. ingens (Hunter, 1927); P. hunteri (Mackiewicz, 1963); P. ulmeri (Calentine et Mackiewicz, 1966); P. fossae (Williams, 1974) and P. mackiewiczi (Williams, 1974). Rogersus Williams, 1980 with its only species R. rogersi is transferred to Promonobothrium based on morphological and molecular data. Promonobothrium currani sp. n. and P. papiliovarium sp. n. are described from Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque) and Ictiobus niger (Rafinesque), and Erimyzon oblongus (Mitchill), respectively. The newly described species can be distinguished from the other congeners by the morphology of the scolex, the position of the anteriormost vitelline follicles and testes, the presence of postovarian vitelline follicles and the shape of the ovary. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of six species based on sequences of the small and large subunits of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (ssrDNA, lsrDNA) confirmed the monophyletic status of the genus and supported the validity of the species analysed. A key to identification of all species of Promonobothrium based on morphological characteristics is provided., Mikuláš Oros, Jan Brabec, Roman Kuchta, Anindo Choudhury, Tomáš Scholz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Dieser Beitrag ist der Sprache der Angehörigen der ältesten Generationen und den Besonderheiten ihrer Kommunikation mit den jüngeren Generationen gewidmet. Die Forschung stützt sich auf die Analyse der Tonbandaufnahmen, die die Erzählungen von alten Menschen (zumeist an jüngere Zuhörer gewendet) festhalten: sie erzählen ihren jungen Verwandten von ihrer Kindheit, Jugend und weiteren Etappen ihres Lebens. Die Analyse ist auf den Wortschatz dieser Erzählungen (z. B. auf die grosse Gruppe der Germanismen. Mittel der Bewertung usw.). auf den Vergleich der Vergangenheit und der Gegenwart, auf das Ausdrücken der Zeitangaben, auf den Kampf der alten Erzähler mit dem Gedächtnis und auf die Erklärungen der Ausdrücken, die die jüngeren Zuhörer nicht verstehen, gerichtet. Unsere Absicht ist, ein anschauliches Bild dessen zu vermitteln, was für ein Tschechisch die ältesten Generationen benutzen, wie sie erzählen und den Dialog führen, und welche Welt mit diesen Generationen untergeht (d.h. welche Ansichten. Einstellungen, Überzeugungen, Moral und zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen).
Conceiving of the work of Claude Lévi-Strauss as a sort of ethnological parallel to the Linguistic Circle of Prague, the author is dealing with the possibilities and results of Lévistraussian application and inspiration derived from the Praguian phonology. Nevertheless: whereas Nicolai S. Trubetzkoy’s influence seems to be dominating in the Elementary Structures of Kinship, the Mythologiques as a whole manifest a very massive and autonomous development of one Jakobsonian concept known as a primary triangle under the form of culinary triangle.
Like the music of other nations, Irish traditional instrumental music too is being spread across the whole world through the mass-media and the recording Industry. There are certain differences between stage performances and traditional playing in its natural milieu though. The dance function of the music was becoming redundant in recent decades and a concert form of playing replaced the role of the house dancing accompaniment. The fact that Irish traditional music has developed up to the present day is being stimulated by the phenomenon of Irish musical session, an association of musicians gathered to play tunes (short melodies), mainly of dance music character. Irish sessions have its own rules, etiquette and controlling factors. According to this rules the session leader, being the musician with the highest status among the others, starts each set of tunes, sets the pace and rhythm of music. The music making of this kind appeared in Irish traditional music quite recently, especially thanks to musicians from the Irish diaspora that lived in North America and in the industrial towns of the Great Britain. From these places the post-WW2 phenomenon of Irish traditional music sessions gradually expanded to the Irish communities ali around the world. Of great importance for the next development and contemporary form of traditional Irish music were the musicians that came out of the Irish emigrants in the United States. In the 1930s it was Paddy Killoran, James Morrison and Michael Coleman, all living in New York, whose musical styles were often imitated. It was the beginning of great changes in the local musical styles in Ireland: under the influence of the personal styles of these famous fiddlers, originally from County Sligo, the local musicians tried to imitate this grandiose interpretation in their own playing. Thus gradually the differences between local styles are disappearing. This trend is stronger with the development of the musical industry. Even though some of the interpreters are afraid that through the weakening of the local music styles Irish traditional music looses its enchantment (draiocht), others consider the contemporary development being a proof of the fact that also in the future Irish traditional music will stay a live phenomenon and not a conserved manifestation of „folklorism“.
The taxonomy of Diplectanum Diesing, 1858, a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans, remains unsettled and needs to be revised based on new morphological criteria. Recent studies in monopisthocotyleans have shown that the muscle arrangement in the posterior attachment organ (haptor) differs between congeneric species and can be used as an additional criterion in genus-level taxonomy. To explore the possibility of using the haptoral musculature and nervous system in the taxonomy of Diplectanum, we conducted a detailed confocal-microscopy study of three species of Diplectanum (D. aculeatum Parona et Perugia, 1889, D. sciaenae van Beneden et Hesse, 1863 and D. similis Bychowsky, 1957) with phalloidin staining for muscle and indirect immunostaining for 5HT and FMRFamide. A further goal was to clarify the functional mechanics of the haptor and the role of its essential components (squamodiscs and anchors) in attachment to the host. The system of connecting bars and gaffing anchors was found to have a complex musculature consisting of 23 muscles in D. aculeatum and D. sciaenae, and 21 muscles in D. similis. The squamodiscs were shown to be operated by several groups of muscles attached primarily to the area termed the squamodisc fulcrum. Most of the haptoral musculature is identical in D. aculeatum and D. sciaenae and these species differ only in the presence of a muscle sheath around the tissue strand between the squamodiscs in D. sciaenae and in the different patterns of superficial squamodisc muscles. Diplectanum similis shows more significant differences from the other two species: besides lacking two of the haptoral muscles, it also differs in the shapes and arrangement of several other muscles. The nervous system of all three species conforms to the general pattern typical for the Dactylogyroidea and shows little variation between species., Anatoly A. Petrov, Evgenija V. Dmitrieva, Maryana P. Popyuk, Pavel I. Gerasev, Sergey A. Petrov., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Trematode sporocysts and rediae reproduce by parthenogenesis, forming clonal groups in the molluscan host. It has recently become popular to consider these groups as eusocial colonies, with division of labour between rediae morphs: small 'soldiers' incapable of reproduction defend the colony, while large rediae reproduce. Alternatively, clonal groups can be considered as self-sustaining infrapopulations. We tested these two hypotheses in the light of new data on rediae of Himasthla elongata (Mehlis, 1831) from snails Littorina littorea (Linnaeus) concerning ultrastructure, growth character and composition of their groups. Clonal groups under study contained rediae of different age and maturity stages: small (young) rediae, rediae with early cercarial embryos, rediae with late embryonic cercariae, rediae with fully formed motile cercariae, rediae with redial embryos and degenerating rediae. Small rediae had a reproductive organ, the germinal mass, whereas most large rediae with developing cercariae did not, which contradicts the eusocialconcept. Overall distribution of rediae by size and by gut to body length ratio was bimodal, which agrees with the eusocial concept ('soldiers' and 'reproductives' as modal size classes). On closer inspection, however, the bimodal size-frequency distributions (SFD) turned out to be the sum of unimodal SFD of rediae at various stages of maturity. The overall bimodality was determined by the character of redial growth resulting in a relatively low occurrence of intermediate morphs and by the developmental arrest in young rediae. The facts that small rediae can attack other rediae and concentrate in the anterior parts of the mollusc can be explained by age-related feeding preferences and niche segregation. They are unlikely to be associated with the 'colony' defence against invaders. To sum up, clonal groups of H. elongata rediae in our study represented self-sustaining infrapopulations., Kirill V. Galaktionov, Irina M. Podvyaznaya, Kirill E. Nikolaev, Ivan A. Levakin., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Seven new species of chewing lice in the genus Resartor Gustafsson et Bush, 2017 are described and illustrated. They are: Resartor albofulvus sp. n. ex Heterophasia desgodinsi desgodinsi (Oustalet); Resartor apimimus sp. n. ex Heterophasia picaoides wrayi (Ogilvie-Grant); Resartor aterrimus sp. n. ex Minla ignotincta mariae La Touche; Resartor extraneus sp. n. ex Lioparus chrysotis swinhoii (Verreaux); Resartor guangxiensis sp. n. ex Trochalopteron milnei sinianum Stresemann; Resartor longisuturalis sp. n. ex Actinodura cyanouroptera wingatei (Ogilvie-Grant); Resartor seminudus sp. n. ex Leiothrix argentauris tahanensis (Yen). All species differ in the shape of the head, shape of the male genitalia and abdominal chaetotaxy. A checklist and a key to the species of Resartor are provided., Daniel Roland Gustafsson, Xingzhi Chu, Sarah Elizabeth Bush, Fasheng Zou., and Obsahuje bibliografii