A unified multibranched chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthetic pathway is proposed. The proposed pathway takes into account the following considerations: (a) that the earliest putative precursor of monovinyl Chl b that has been detected in higher plants is monovinyl protochlorophyllide b, (b) that in most cases, Chl b biosynthesis has its roots in the Chl a biosynthetic pathway, (c) that the Chl a biosynthetic pathway exhibits extensive biosynthetic heterogeneity, (d) that Chl biosynthesis may proceed differently at different stages of greening and in different greening groups of plants. Integration of the Chl a and b biosynthetic pathways into a unified multibranched pathway offers the functional flexibility to account for the structural and biosynthetic complexity of photosynthetic membranes. In this context, it is proposed that the unified, multibranched Chl a/b biosynthetic pathway represents the template of a Chl-protein biosynthesis center where photosystem (PS) 1, PS2, and light-harvesting Chl-protein complexes are assembled into functional photosynthetic units. The individual biosynthetic routes or groups of two to three adjacent biosynthetic routes may constitute Chl-protein biosynthesis subcenters, where specific Chl-protein complexes are assembled. and C. A. Rebeiz ... [et al.].
A survey of the gill parasites of Epinephelus costae (Teleostei: Serranidae) was conducted between 2001 and 2005 in the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia). Five new species of Diplectanidae (Monogenea) were collected, all belonging to Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958: P. bouaini sp. n., P. dolicocolpos sp. n., P. enitsuji sp. n., P. sinediscus sp. n., and P. sosia sp. n. These five species differ from each other and from all described species of Pseudorhabdosynochus by the morphology and size of their sclerotized vagina. These diplectanids (except P. sinediscus) were also collected from the same host off Dakar in 1981 and 1989. The present paper includes the descriptions and taxonomic considerations of each of these species in addition to an amended diagnosis of Pseudorhabdosynochus. A key to the five new species parasitizing E. costae is provided. These five species are the first diplectanids described from E. costae.
In this article the author deals with the essentiality of corruption.
This text is intended to be a contribution to the debate on the
definition of corruption and clientelism. The author focuses on distinction between public and private sphere and tries to explain why corruption and clientelism are phenomena related only to the public one. In the other words: why “bribery” within private sphere
(for example within interaction between two employees of two private companies) cannot be considered as corruption in its meaning used in social sciences.