Phosphorus (P) is one of the limiting mineral nutrient elements in the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. In order to find out the adaptive strategy of Caragana microphylla to low soil P status, we grew plants in P-deficient soil in April 2009 and gave a gradient of P addition ranging from 0 to 60 mg(P) kg-1(soil) from May 2010. Leaf traits were measured in September 2010. Both leaf growth and light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P max) were similar among different groups. Leaf nitrogen (N):P ratio indicated that the growth of C. microphylla was not P-limited in most of the Inner Mongolia typical steppe, which had an average soil available P content equal to 3.61 mg kg-1. The optimal P addition was 20 mg(P) kg-1(soil) for two-year-old plants of C. microphylla. Leaf mass area (LMA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) were enhanced with low P, and significantly negatively correlated with photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE). Photosynthetic P-use efficiency (PPUE) increased with decreasing soil P and increasing leaf inorganic
P (Pi): organic P (Po) ratio, and showed no significant negative correlation with LMA or LDMC. P max of C. microphylla did not decline so sharply as it was anticipated. The reason for this phenomenon might be due to the increased PPUE through regulating the leaf total P allocation. C. microphylla had high P-use efficiency via both high PPUE and long P-retention time at low-P supply. The adaptation of C. microphylla to low-P supply provided a new explanation for the increased distribution of the species in the degraded natural grassland in Inner Mongolia, China., T. T. Zhao, N. X. Zhao, Y. B. Gao., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This paper presents the concept of computer simulating model for robot-environment behaviour study and control. The modelling is aimed to particullar physical implementation of fourlegged robot. The schema of simulating model includes four main sub-models: environment-robot interaction, sensory data processing, robot action planning and action executing. Forward and inverse kinematics of robot is also mentioned. Described model was used for the development and testing of control gait algorithm for irregular terain. Further, arbitrary other action planning algorithm can be engaged in the model. and Obsahuje seznam literatury