We investigated the differential expression of AOX1 multi-gene family and the regulation of alternative respiratory pathway during initial greening development in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. After exposing the dark-grown rice seedlings to continuous irradiation, total respiration (Vt), capacity of alternative pathway (Valt), and their ratio (Valt/Vt) increased with the greening of leaves. In this process, AOX1c transcript increased under constant irradiation, while AOX1a and AOX1b transcripts were hardly detected. Thus AOX1c in rice presents a similar expression pattern as AOX2 does in many dicotyledonous species during greening development. Compared with the rapid increase of cyanideresistant respiration in the presence of photon energy, CO2 fixation was not observed until 8 h after the onset of irradiation. The AOX inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM; 1 mM) inhibited 67.3 % of cyanide-insensitive oxygen uptake in dark-grown leaves and 69.4 % of it in leaves grown under irradiation. Dark-grown plants pre-treated with SHAM were then irradiated for 12 h. SHAM did not obviously modify photosynthetic CO2 fixation rate on a chlorophyll (Chl) content basis in both leaves and simultaneously isolated chloroplasts. Hence during initial greening steps of the plants, the induction of alternative pathway and AOX1 expression by irradiation is not directly linked with carbon assimilation of photosynthesis. The application of SHAM partially limited Chl production in rapidly greening leaves, indicating that Chl synthesis in the process of greening might be medicated to some extent by alternative respiratory pathway. and H. Q. Feng ... [et al.].
Forecasting the river flow level and volumes are essential to making the most efficient use of rivers and in minimizing damages to flood. A relationship between the released discharges from Mosul dam and river levels in Mosul station is predicted with high correlation coefficient for the two periods within the year (rainy and non-rainy months). A time series technique analysis for predicting the best relevant statistical model for future forecasting of Tigris River levels within the river reach between Mosul dam and Mosul city was applied. Deterministic prediction of the water levels of Tigris River within the reach between Mosul dam and Mosul city will help to avoid the increasing of the water level within the river reach to minimize the damages which may occur due to inundation areas. The average monthly Tigris River stages of Mosul station for the two periods before and after Mosul dam construction are constant with a reduction in the average value of the maximum water stages and increasing the average value of the minimum water stages after Mosul dam construction. Through the statistical analysis of the time series of the available river stages data at Mosul station, a repetition in the annual cycle in the water stages before Mosul dam construction and a decreasing trend through this period was observed. Winter model is the most suitable time series model to forecast the Tigris River stages or any missing data in the future in the Tigris River reach between Mosul dam and Mosul city. and Predpoveď vodných stavov a prietokov vodných tokov je podstatná pre ich efektívne využitie a minimalizáciu povodňových škôd. Závislosť medzi výtokom z priehrady Mosul a stavom vody v rieke v stanici v Mosule bola určená s vysokou hodnotou súčiniteľa korelácie pre dve obdobia roka (zrážkové a bezzrážkové obdobie). Na analýzu časových radov sme použili najvhodnejší štatistický model, ktorý umožnil predpoveď vodných stavov Tigrisu medzi priehradou Mosul a mestom Mosul. Deterministická predpoveď vodných stavov Tigrisu môže pomôcť minimalizovať škody v záplavovom území. Priemerné mesačné stavy vody v hydrologickej stanici v Mosule na rieke Tigris pre dve obdobia - pred vybudovaním priehrady Mosul a po ňom - sa nemenia, ale priemerné hodnoty maximálnych stavov vody po vybudovaní priehrady v Mosule sa znížili, naopak minimálne hodnoty vodných stavov sa zvyšujú. Štatistickou analýzou časových radov dostupných vodných stavov v stanici Mosul sa zistila nemennosť vodných stavov počas ich ročného cyklu pred vybudovaním priehrady Mosul a po jej vybudovaní. Najvhodnejším modelom časových radov pre predpoveď vodných stavov v rieke Tigris, alebo pre predpoveď chýbajúcich hodnôt vodných stavov v úseku rieky medzi priehradou a mestom Mosul, sa ukázal zimný model.