Radiation quality was an important environmental cue to stimulate seed germination in Acacia mangium. The photo-synthetic CO2 assimilation rate, dark respiration rate, total biomass, and relative growth rate of seedlings grown under monochromatic radiation were significantly lower than those of seedlings grown under full spectrum radiation. Blue and red radiation induced shade-avoidance and shade-tolerant responses of A. mangium seedlings, respectively. and Hua Yu, Bee-Lian Ong.
This paper discusses a simple logical approach to solving Sudoku puzzles, which may be interpreted as a mental model of the puzzle. The model employs an auxiliary matrix 9x9, which is formed from the matrix specifying initial given values of the puzzle in such a way that its empty squares are filled by lists of candidate values. These lists are determined by initial values together with the puzzle constraints: each column/row/subarea 3x3 is occupied by integers 1, 2, ..., 9 appearing only once. Applying the simple logical rules such as if..., then..., this auxiliary matrix is subsequently simplified in such a way that we reduce the set of alternative possibilities, where in a final stage each position of auxiliary matrix is occupied just by one integer from {1,2,...,9} and the resulting matrix satisfies the above mentioned constraints. The logical rules used may be hierarchically arranged in a sequence of increasing complexity of their preceding parts. Therefore, Sudoku puzzles may be classified according to the complexity of their solution; from the simplest puzzles to the most complex by using the rules and a back-track search., V práci je diskutovaný jednoduchý logický prístup k riešeniu hry Sudoku, ktorý môže byť taktiež interpretovaný ako mentálny model tejto hry. Použitý model využíva pracovnú maticu 9x9, ktorá je vytvorená z matice špecifikujúcej počiatočnú pozíciu hry tak, že prázdne pozície sú zaplnené alternatívnymi možnosťami určenými z počiatočnej pozície pomocou podmienok tak, aby každý riadok/stĺpec/oblasť 3x3 obsahoval čísla 1, 2, ..., 9 prave raz. Použitím jednoduchých logických pravidiel typu if..., then... túto pracovnú maticu postupne zjednodušíme tak, že redukujeme výskyt alternatívnych možností, až v konečnej fáze úpravy matice v každej pozícii máme práve jedno číslo, pričom táto výsledná matica vyhovuje vyššie uvedeným podmienkam. Použité logické pravidlá pre zjednodušenie Sudoku môžu byť hierarchicky usporiadané podl'a rastúcej zložitosti ich podmienky (antecedentu). Potom hry Sudoku môžu byť klasifikované podl'a zložitosti ich riešenia; od jednoduchých hier až po vel'mi zložité (diabolské), kde je potrebné použiť pravidlá, ktoré vo svojich podmienkach obsahujú spätné prehl'adávanie pracovnej matice., Vladimír Kvasnička, Michal Cádrik., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is emerging as a major problem in Jatropha curcas cultivation. The goal of this study was to investigate the photosynthetic responses of Jatropha to spider mite infestation. Leaf CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, intracellular CO2 concentration, and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency significantly decreased in mite-infested leaves compared with controls. Lower water content and specific leaf area of the mite-infested leaves were positively related to symptoms of wrinkling and curling. Leaf electrolyte leakage remained unchanged in the mite-infested leaves, revealing no effect on leaf membrane integrity. Leaves exhibited reductions in soluble protein and soluble sugar in association with photosynthetic impairment. Although decreases in photochemical activity and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters suggested damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, although there were no measurable reductions in chlorophyll or carotenoid contents associated with photosynthetic apparatus impairment. The decrease in the leaf CO2 assimilation rate was partially attributed to stomatal and metabolic limitations in the mite-infested leaves., M.-H. Hsu, C.-C. Chen, K.-H. Lin, M.-Y. Huang, C.-M. Yang, W.-D. Huang., and Obsahuje seznam literatury