The article deals with some questions that are closely connected with clarifying the meaning of causal claims and understanding of their distinctive features. It presents a perspectival view of causation that regards both the asymmetry of causation and its temporal orientation as products of our own perspective we all share. The author argues against one of the basic thesis of causal perspectivalism according to which the notion of causation arises from our experience of success as agents, and she asserts that the distinction between causes and effects can also be relevant to practical or epistemic behaviour of creatures who are mere observers., Článek se zabývá některými otázkami, které úzce souvisejí s objasňováním významu kauzálních tvrzení a pochopením jejich charakteristických rysů. Představuje perspektivní pohled na příčinnou souvislost, která se týká jak asymetrie příčinných souvislostí, tak její časové orientace jako produktů našeho vlastního pohledu. Autor argumentuje proti jedné ze základních tezí kauzální perspektivy, podle které pojem příčinnosti vyplývá z naší zkušenosti s úspěchem jako agentů, a tvrdí, že rozlišení mezi příčinami a následky může být také relevantní pro praktické nebo epistemické chování tvorů, jsou pouhými pozorovateli., and Zdeňka Jastrzembská
The kinin receptors are classically involved in inflammation, pain and sepsis. The effects of the kinin B1 receptor agonist des-Arg9 - bradykinin (DBK) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated by comparing the membrane potential responses of aortic rings from transgenic rats overexpressing the kinin B1 receptor (B1R) in the endothelium (TGR(Tie2B1)) and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. No difference in the resting membrane potential in the aorta’s smooth muscle from the transgenic and SD rats was observed. The aorta rings from SD rats hyperpolarized only to LPS but not to DBK, whereas the aorta rings from TGR(Tie2B1) responded by the administration of both drugs. DBK and LPS responses were inhibited by the B1 receptor antagonist R715 and by iberiotoxin in both cases. Thapsigargin induced a hyperpolarization in the smooth muscle of SD rats that was not reversed by R715, but was reversed by iberiotoxin and this hyperpolarization was further augmented by DBK administration. These results show that the model of overexpression of vascular B1 receptors in the TGR(Tie2B1) rats represent a good model to study the role of functional B1 receptors in the absence of any pathological stimulus. The data also show that KCa channels are the final mediators of the hyperpolarizing responses to DBK and LPS. In addition, we suggest an interaction between the B1R and TLR4, since the hyperpolarization induced by LPS could be abolished in the presence of R715.