In this paper, we introduce related comparability for exchange ideals. Let $I$ be an exchange ideal of a ring $R$. If $I$ satisfies related comparability, then for any regular matrix $A\in M_n(I)$, there exist left invertible $U_1,U_2\in M_n(R)$ and right invertible $V_1,V_2\in M_n(R)$ such that $U_1V_1AU_2V_2= \operatorname{diag}(e_1,\cdots ,e_n)$ for idempotents $e_1,\cdots ,e_n\in I$.
Every incidence structure ${\mathcal J}$ (understood as a triple of sets $(G, M, I)$, ${I}\subseteq G \times M$) admits for every positive integer $p$ an incidence structure ${\mathcal J}^p=(G^p, M^p, \mathrel {{\mathrm I}^p})$ where $G^p$ ($M^p$) consists of all independent $p$-element subsets in $G$ ($M$) and $\mathrel {{\mathrm I}^p}$ is determined by some bijections. In the paper such incidence structures ${\mathcal J}$ are investigated the ${\mathcal J}^p$’s of which have their incidence graphs of the simple join form. Some concrete illustrations are included with small sets $G$ and $M$.
The aim of the article is to sum up the most frequent lexical means used by Polish young generation to convince the addressee about the fact that the reported information is true and meant seriously as truthfulness still seems to be a highly valued featuare of our everyday verbal communication. Some 170 students were asked to answer the question What expressions do you use to emphasize your truthfulness? The author analyses the collected material and - providing that in a specific speech act on pragmatic function becomes dominant - isolates categories of assertives, directives, commissives and expressives, and oaths, gives their description and frequency.
The structuralist thought, which was at its heyday in the mid-1960s, soon became a target of criticism. However, as the article argues, at its inception, structuralism was intended more as a method rather than an all-encompassing mode of thinking. The original inspiration for structuralism came from Russian and Saussurean linguistics and, later, it was explored by Lévi-Strauss as a suitable method for anthropology and related disciplines. In this application, the emphasis is less on the structure conceived as a system of differences and more on its transformative character. Furthermore, not only the internal, but also the external relations of system are highlighted, which implies the use of comparative methods in anthropology. The possibility of studying cultural practices and symbols is enhanced when their similarities and differences are considered in terms of structures and sign-systems. The structuralist thought that denies individual agency thus appears to be a paradoxical misunderstanding of the original purpose of structuralism as a method; a science of cultural facts in their variability remains a contemporary project. and Patrice Maniglier.