Xenomas caused by Microgemma vivaresi Canning, Feist, Longshaw, Okamura, Anderson, Tsuey Tse et Curry, 2005 were found in liver and skeletal muscle of sea scorpions, Taurulus bubalis (Euphrasen). All muscle xenomas examined were in an advanced stage of destruction. In developing xenomas found in liver, parasites were restricted to the centre of the cell, separated from a parasite-free zone by a nuclear network formed by branching of the host cell nucleus. Although xenomas were able to reach a size of several hundred microns, the surface remained a simple plasma membrane. Host reactions took the form of penetration by phagocytes and isolation by fibroblasts. Once the xenoma had been attacked, the nuclear profiles became pycnotic and the barrier between parasitized and parasite-free zones was lost. Parasite antigens cannot be exposed at the surface of intact xenomas, as the host does not recognise the enlarging cell as foreign. Breaches in the plasma membrane of the xenoma and leakage of parasite antigens are thought to be the stimuli for phagocyte entry into the cell, its isolation by fibroblasts and eventual granuloma formation.
This article describes a theoretical study of non-linear fracture behavior of the Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) configuration. The fracture is analyzed using the J-integral approach. A stress-strain curve with power-law hardening is used for describing the mechanical response of the DCB. It is assumed that the material has the same properties in tension and compression. A model based on Mechanics of materials is applied to find solutions of the J-integral at different levels of the external load. The effect of the exponent of the power law on the non-linear fracture behavior is evaluated. It is found that if higher values of the exponent of the power law are used, the J-integral value increases. The analytical approach developed here is very useful for parametric investigations, since it captures by relatively simple formulae the essential of the non-linear fracture. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
In this paper we study the set of statistical cluster points of sequences in $m$-dimensional spaces. We show that some properties of the set of statistical cluster points of the real number sequences remain in force for the sequences in $m$-dimensional spaces too. We also define a notion of $\Gamma $-statistical convergence. A sequence $x$ is $\Gamma $-statistically convergent to a set $C$ if $C$ is a minimal closed set such that for every $\epsilon > 0 $ the set $ \lbrace k\:\rho (C, x_k ) \ge \epsilon \rbrace $ has density zero. It is shown that every statistically bounded sequence is $\Gamma $-statistically convergent. Moreover if a sequence is $\Gamma $-statistically convergent then the limit set is a set of statistical cluster points.