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Start Over Creator Holko, Ladislav Format bez média Language Slovak Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

12. Modelovanie vodnej hodnoty snehu v horskom povodí distribuovaným modelom akumulácie a topenia snehu

Creator:
Holko, Ladislav, Parajka, Juraj, and Kostka, Zdeno
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
distributed snow accumulation and melt model, energy balance, degree-day, mountain catchment, atmospheric precipitation, distribuovaný snehový model, metóda energetickej bilancie, metóda teplotného faktora, horské povodie, and atmosférické zrážky
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The objective of this paper is to compare the results of two distributed snow models based on different approach to snow accumulation and melt. Model WaSiM is based on the degree-day approach, while model UEB-EHZ is an energy-based model. Simulations in the mountain catchment of Jalovecký creek in winters 1989-2001 showed that both approaches can produce similar results. Model parametrization is more important than basic approach to snow accumulation and melt. Therefore, model UEB-EHZ which took into acccount influence of forest on radiation reduction and snow drift, performed better for the forest sites. The paper presents also brief overview of snow accumulation and melt modelling including calibration and verification of distributed models. Finally, it shows some outupts which can be provided by distributed snow models. and Príspevok je venovaný porovnaniu dvoch distribuovaných matematických modelov akumulácie a topenia snehu s rôznym prístupom k modelovaniu snehu. V horskom povodí Jaloveckého potoka boli hodnotené výsledky energeticky založeného modelu UEB-EHZ a modelu WaSiM, vychádzajúceho z metódy teplotného indexu pre zimy 1988/89 - 2000/2001. Porovnanie výsledkov oboch modelov ukázalo, že pokiaľ ide o základný prístup k modelovaniu topenia snehu (energetická bilancia alebo teplotný index), nemohli sme v danom povodí určiť, ktorý z nich viedol k lepším výsledkom. Väčší vplyv na simuláciu vodnej hodnoty snehu ako výber základného prístupu k modelovaniu akumulácie a topenia snehu, má parametrizácia konkrétneho modelu. V modeli UEB-EHZ bol napríklad čiastočne zahrnutý vplyv lesa na globálne žiarenie a podmienky ukladania snehu (drift). Preto bolo topenie snehovej pokrývky v lese týmto modelom simulované reálnejšie ako modelom WaSiM. Okrem porovnania výsledkov dvoch základných prístupov k modelovaniu akumulácie a topenia snehu v horskom povodí príspevok ukazuje aj niektoré výstupy, ktoré možno získať pomocou distribuovaného snehového modelu a stručne sa zaoberá diskusiou o kalibrácii a validácii takéhoto modelu.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

13. On the role of rock fragments and initial soil water content in the potential subsurface runoff formation

Creator:
Hlaváčiková, Hana, Novák, Viliam, and Holko, Ladislav
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
stony soils, infiltration, stoniness, initial soil water content, and mathematical modeling
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Stony soils are composed of fractions (rock fragments and fine soil) with different hydrophysical characteristics. Although they are abundant in many catchments, their properties are still not well understood. This article presents basic characteristics (texture, stoniness, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil water retention) of stony soils from a mountain catchment located in the highest part of the Carpathian Mountains and summarizes results of water flow modeling through a hypothetical stony soil profile. Numerical simulations indicate the highest vertical outflow from the bottom of the profile in soils without rock fragments under ponding infiltration condition. Simulation of a more realistic case in a mountain catchment, i.e. infiltration of intensive rainfall, shows that when rainfall intensity is lower than the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the stony soil, the highest outflow is predicted in a soil with the highest stoniness and high initial water content of soil matrix. Relatively low available retention capacity in a stony soil profile and consequently higher unsaturated hydraulic conductivity leads to faster movement of the infiltration front during rainfall.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

14. Plants and biological soil crust influence the hydrophysical parameters and water flow in an aeolian sandy soil

Creator:
Lichner, Ľubomír, Holko, Ladislav, Zhuková, Natalia, Schacht, Karsten, Rajkai, Kálmán, Fodor, Nándor, and Sándor, Renáta
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
sandy soil, vegetation, water repellency, hydrophysical parameters, water flow, piesočnatá pôda, vegetácia, vodoodpudivosť, hydrofyzikálne parametre, and prúdenie vody
Language:
Slovak
Description:
This study tested the hypothesis that the changes in hydrophysical parameters and heterogeneity of water flow in an aeolian sandy soil have the same trend as the process of succession. Three sub-sites were demarcated at the area of about 50 m x 50 m. The first sub-site was located at the pine-forest glade covered with a biological soil crust and represented the initial stage of succession. The second sub-site was located at the grassland and represented more advanced stage of succession. The third sub-site was located at the pine forest with 30-year old Scots pines and represented advanced stage (close to climax) of succession. The sandy soil at the surface was compared to the soil at the pine-forest glade at 50 cm depth, which served as a control because it had a similar texture but limited impact of vegetation or organic matter. It was found that any type of vegetation cover studied had a strong influence on hydrophysical parameters and heterogeneity of water flow in an aeolian sandy soil during hot and dry spells. The changes in some hydrophysical parameters (WDPT, R, k(-2 cm), Sw(-2 cm), ECS and DPF) and heterogeneity of water flow in an aeolian sandy soil had the same trend as the process of succession, but it was not so in the case of Ks and Se(-2 cm), probably due to the higher content of smaller soil particles in grassland soil in comparison with that content at other sub-sites. Both the persistence and index of water repellency of pure sand differed significantly from those of grassland, glade and forest soils. The highest repellency parameter values in forest soil resulted in the lowest value of both the water sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity in this soil in comparison with other soils studied. The highest value of ethanol sorptivity and the lowest value of saturated hydraulic conductivity in the grassland soil in comparison with other soils studied were due to the higher content of fine-grained (silt and clay) particles in the grassland soil. The effective cross section and the degree of preferential flow of pure sand differed significantly from those of grassland, glade and forest soils. The change in soil hydrophysical parameters due to soil water repellency resulted in preferential flow in the grassland, glade and forest soils, while the wetting front in pure sand area exhibited a form typical of that for stable flow. The latter shape of the wetting front can be expected in the studied soils in spring, when soil water repellency is alleviated substantially., The columnar shape of the wetting front, which can be met during heavy rains following long dry and hot spells, was attributed to redistribution of applied water on the surface to a series of micro-catchments, which acted as runon and runoff zones., V príspevku sa testovala hypotéza, že zmeny hydrofyzikálnych parametrov a heterogenita prúdenia vody v piesočnatej pôde majú rovnaký trend ako proces sukcesie. Na ploche asi 50 m x 50 m sa vytýčili tri parcely. Prvá parcela sa nachádzala na čistine pokrytej biologickým pôdnym pokryvom a reprezentovala počiatočné štádium sukcesie. Druhá parcela sa nachádzala na zatrávnenej ploche a reprezentovala rozvinutejšie štádium sukcesie. Tretia parcela sa nachádzala v borovicovom lese a reprezentovala rozvinuté štádium sukcesie (blízke ku klimaxovej vegetácii). Piesočnatá pôda na povrchu parciel sa porovnávala s pôdou z čistiny v hĺbke 50 cm, ktorá slúžila ako kontrola, pretože mala skoro rovnakú textúru, avšak veľmi malý vplyv vegetácie alebo organickej hmoty. Zistili sme, že akýkoľvek typ študovaného vegetačného pokryvu mal veľký vplyv na hydrofyzikálne parametre a heterogenitu prúdenia vody v piesočnatej pôde počas horúcich a suchých období. Zmeny niektorých hydrofyzikálnych parametrov (WDPT, R, k(-2 cm), Sw(-2 cm), ECS a DPF) a heterogenity prúdenia vody v piesočnatej pôde mali rovnaký trend ako proces sukcesie, neplatilo to však v prípade Ks a Se(-2 cm), pravdepodobne v dôsledku vyššieho obsahu malých pôdnych častíc v pôde s trávnatým pokryvom v porovnaní s inými parcelami. Stálosť aj index vodoodpudivosti čistého piesku sa štatisticky významne líšili od hodnôt týchto parametrov v pôde pod trávou, biologickým pôdnym pokryvom a borovicami. Najvyššie hodnoty parametrov vodoodpudivosti v tráve pod borovicami mali za následok najnižšie hodnoty sorptivity pre vodu a hydraulickej vodivosti v tejto pôde v porovnaní s ostatnými študovanými pôdami. Najvyššie hodnoty sorptivity pre etanol a najnižšie hodnoty nasýtenej hydraulickej vodivosti v pôde pod trávou v porovnaní s inými pôdami boli pravdepodobne spôsobené vyšším obsahom malých pôdnych častíc v tejto pôde. Efektívny prierez (ECS) a stupeň preferovaného prúdenia (DPF) čistého piesku sa štatisticky významne líšili od hodnôt týchto parametrov v pôde pod trávou, biologickým pôdnym pokryvom a borovicami. Zmeny hydrofyzikálnych parametrov pôdy v dôsledku jej vodoodpudivosti mala za následok preferované prúdenie v pôde pod trávou, biologickým pôdnym pokryvom a borovicami, zatiaľ čo čelo omáčania v čistom piesku malo tvar typický pre stabilné prúdenie. Takýto tvar čela omáčania možno vo všetkých študovaných pôdach očakávať na jar, keď je vodoodpudivosť pôdy podstatne znížená v dôsledku jej zvýšenej vlhkosti., and Čelo omáčania v tvare prstov, ktoré možno očakávať počas prívalových dažďov nasledujúcich po dlhých suchých a horúcich obdobiach, možno pričítať redistribúcii vody na povrchu pôdy do viacerých mikropovodí, ktoré sa správali ako vtokové a odtokové oblasti
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

15. Short-time measurements of interception in mountain spruce forest

Creator:
Holko, Ladislav
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
interception, short-time data, mountain spruce forest, intercepcia, krátkodobé údaje, and horský smrekový les
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Open area rainfall and throughfall measurements in the Western Tatra Mountains (altitude about 1500 m a.s.l.) made by tipping bucket gauges were used to estimate the usefulness of the short-time data in analysis of spruce interception. The 10-minute data from period 13 May-13 October 2009 did not reveal meaningful correlations between the open area rainfall and throughfall. Aggregated measurements representing individual rainfall events were more useful. They showed linear relationship between open area rainfall and throughfall for events with total rainfall depth in the open area exceeding 5 mm. Correlation between open area rainfall and throughfall for rainfall events with duration above 120 minutes was significantly better than for the shorter ones. Mean values of interception (percentage of open area rainfall which did not appear in throughfall) of individual rainfall events was high. When we excluded events for which throughfall was higher than the open area rainfall, mean interception for larger and longer rainfall events was 46% and 48%, respectively. For smaller (runoff depth below 5 mm) and shorter events (duration below 2 hours) the mean interception was 70% and 72%, respectively. However, the data revealed very high variability of interception. and Príspevok sa zaoberá hodnotením užitočnosti krátkodobých meraní zrážok na otvorenej ploche a v smrekovom lese pri určovaní intercepcie. Vychádza z merania zrážok preklápacími zrážkomermi v Západných Tatrách v nadmorskej výške okolo 1500 m n.m. Desaťminútové údaje merané v období 13.5.- 13.10.2009 neposkytli použiteľné korelácie medzi dažďom na otvorenej ploche a v lese. Lepšie výsledky boli získané pre sumárne úhrny zrážok pre jednotlivé dažde. Ak úhrn dažďa na voľnej ploche prekročil približne 5 mm, veľkosť podkorunových zrážok rástla lineárne s veľkosťou zrážok na voľnej ploche. Korelácia medzi zrážkami na voľnej ploche a v lese pre dažde s dĺžkou trvania nad 120 minút bola podstatne lepšia, ako pre kratšie dažde. Priemerná hodnota intercepcie (vyjadrenej ako percento zrážok na voľnej ploche, ktoré sa neobjavilo v lese) pre jednotlivé zrážkové udalosti bola vysoká. Po vylúčení udalostí, pre ktoré bol v lese nameraný vyšší úhrn zrážok ako na voľnej ploche, bola priemerná intercepcia pre väčšie dažďe 46 % a pre dlhšie dažde 48 %. Pre menšie (úhrn pod 5 mm) a kratšie (trvanie pod 2 hodiny) dažde bola priemerná intercepcia 70 % a 72%. Hodnoty intercepcie pre jednotlivé udalosti však mali veľkú variabilitu.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

16. Simulácia odtoku v horskom povodí s výrazným reliéfom pomocou modelu TOPMODEL

Creator:
Kostka, Zdeno and Holko, Ladislav
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
mountain catchment, runoff modelling, saturated source areas, runoff separation, horské povodie, modelovanie odtoku, nasýtené zdrojové oblasti, and separácia odtoku
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The paper summarises experience with runoff modelling in mountain catchment of the Jalovecky creek, Western Tatra Mountains, Slovakia, using TOPMODEL. The work was focused on runoff reproduction and estimation of areal extent of saturated areas, both with different time steps of input meteorological data (hourly or daily) and grid size of input digital elevation model (DEM). Simulations with the daily data from summer months 1988-1993 provided slightly overestimated runoff and saturated areas reached up to 5-19% of catchment area (for the DEM grid size of 10 m). Model parameters for each season were invariant. Hourly input data provided more heterogeneous results. Runoff reproduction was best for single long flood events and model parameters for different events varied. Saturated areas for the DEM grid size of 10 m varied between 1.1 and 10.8% of catchment area. The grid size did not influence runoff reproduction. The change of DEM resolution affected only the surface/subsurface flow ratio and, consequently areal extent of saturated areas. Modelled saturated areas cumulated along the main stream network. High modelled contribution of subsurface runoff to total catchment runoff was in accordance with the results of hydrograph separations. Field measurements of soil moisture in the upper soil layer indicated important role of vegetation (forest) which was not considered by the model. and V príspevku sme zhrnuli skúsenosti s matematickým zrážkovoodtokovým modelom TOPMODEL pri modelovaní odtoku v horskom povodí Jaloveckého potoka v Západných Tatrách. Zaujímala nás najmä schopnosť modelu reprodukovať odtok z horského povodia a predpovedať plošný rozsah nasýtených oblastí pri rôznom časovom kroku vstupných údajov a rôznej veľkosti štvorca siete digitálneho modelu reliéfu. Pri simulácii odtoku s dennými vstupnými údajmi za letné mesiace rokov 1988-1993 bol modelovaný odtok mierne nadhodnotený a nasýtené oblasti pri štvorci siete 10 m predstavovali maximálne 5-19 % plochy povodia. Parametre modelu v jednotlivých rokoch nebolo potrebné meniť. Pri práci s hodinovými údajmi boli výsledky rôznorodejšie. Lepšia zhoda meraného a simulovaného odtoku bola dosiahnutá pri dlhšie trvajúcich vlnách a parametre modelu boli pre rôzne vlny rôzne. Pre rôzne vlny kolísal maximálny rozsah nasýtených oblastí pri štvorci siete 10 m od 1,1 do 10,8 % plochy povodia. Veľkosť štvorca siete nemala vplyv na simuláciu celkového odtoku z povodia a prejavila sa len na pomere povrchového a podpovrchového odtoku a následne na rozsahu nasýtených oblasti. Modelované nasýtené oblasti sa vyskytujú v blízkosti riečnej siete. Vyhodnotenie meraní vlhkostí pôdy v povodí poukazuje na značný vplyv vegetácie. Keďže v predkladanej práci bola použitá verzia modelu, ktorá neobsahuje simulácie procesov v nadzemných častiach prostredia, bolo simulované rozdelenie nasýtených oblastí v lesnatých častiach povodia modelom odlišné od rozdelenia zisteného priamym pozorovaním v povodí. Vysoký podiel modelovaného podpovrchového odtoku v celkovom odtoku bol potvrdený aj separáciou odtoku pomocou prírodných izotopov.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

17. Spatial and temporal distribution of snow cover in the upper Hron River basin in hydrological years 1962-2001

Creator:
Pecusova, Zuzana, Holko, Ladislav, and Kostka, Zdeno
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
snow water equivalent, spatial and temporal distribution, snow accumulation and melt modelling, climate change, vodná hodnota snehu, priestorové a časové rozdelenie, modelovanie akumulácie a topenia snehu, and klimatická zmena
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The paper presents the results of analysis of temporal and spatial changes of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the mountain basin of the upper Hron River over 40 hydrological years. Spatial distribution of SWE was simulated with the WaSiM model. Measured as well as simulated data indicated despite large temporal variations of SWE, the period since the mid-1980-ties seems to have less snow than the previous decades. Simulations indicated pronounced decrease of SWE in the southern part of the basin. Changes of SWE in the highest mountains were not so pronounced. The analysis of previous decades is considered to be the first step in the assessment of impacts of expected climate changes in the future. and Príspevok je venovaný analýze časových a priestorových zmien vodnej hodnoty snehovej pokrývky v povodí horného Hrona za obdobie 40 rokov (hydrologické roky 1962-2001). Priestorové rozdelenie vodnej hodnoty snehu bolo simulované modelom WaSiM. Napriek veľkej variabilite vodnej hodnoty merané aj simulované údaje ukazujú, že od polovice 80-tych rokov 20. storočia došlo v povodí k poklesu vodnej hodnoty snehu. Výsledky simulácie priestorového rozdelenia vodnej hodnoty poukazujú na výrazný pokles najmä v južnej časti povodia. Zmeny vodnej hodnoty v najvyšších častiach povodia v jeho severnej oblasti neboli také dramatické. Analýza časových a najmä priestorových zmien vodnej hodnoty snehu za posledné dekády je prvým krokom pri odhade dopadu možnej zmeny klímy na budúce zmeny snehovej pokrývky.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

18. Variability of snow line elevation, snow cover area and depletion in the main Slovak basins in winters 2001-2014

Creator:
Krajčí, Pavel, Holko, Ladislav, and Parajka, Juraj
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
MODIS, snow line, snow cover, snow depletion curves, and Slovakia
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Spatial and temporal variability of snow line (SL) elevation, snow cover area (SCA) and depletion (SCD) in winters 2001-2014 is investigated in ten main Slovak river basins (the Western Carpathians). Daily satellite snow cover maps from MODIS Terra (MOD10A1, V005) and Aqua (MYD10A1, V005) with resolution 500 m are used. The results indicate three groups of basins with similar variability in the SL elevation. The first includes basins with maximum elevations above 1500 m a.s.l. (Poprad, Upper Váh, Hron, Hornád). Winter median SL is equal or close to minimum basin elevation in snow rich winters in these basins. Even in snow poor winters is SL close to the basin mean. Second group consists of mid-altitude basins with maximum elevation around 1000 m a.s.l. (Slaná, Ipeľ, Nitra, Bodrog). Median SL varies between 150 and 550 m a.s.l. in January and February, which represents approximately 40–80% snow coverage. Median SL is near the maximum basin elevation during the snow poor winters. This means that basins are in such winters snow free approximately 50% of days in January and February. The third group includes the Rudava/Myjava and Lower Váh/Danube. These basins have their maximum altitude less than 700 m a.s.l. and only a small part of these basins is covered with snow even during the snow rich winters. The evaluation of SCA shows that snow cover typically starts in December and last to February. In the highest basins (Poprad, Upper Váh), the snow season sometimes tends to start earlier (November) and lasts to March/April. The median of SCA is, however, less than 10% in these months. The median SCA of entire winter season is above 70% in the highest basins (Poprad, Upper Váh, Hron), ranges between 30-60% in the mid-altitude basins (Hornád, Slaná, Ipeľ, Nitra, Bodrog) and is less than 1% in the Myjava/Rudava and Lower Váh/Danube basins. However, there is a considerable variability in seasonal coverage between the years. Our results indicate that there is no significant trend in mean SCA in the period 2001-2014, but periods with larger and smaller SCA exist. Winters in the period 2002-2006 have noticeably larger mean SCA than those in the period 2007-2012. Snow depletion curves (SDC) do not have a simple evolution in most winters. The snowmelt tends to start between early February and the end of March. The snowmelt lasts between 8 and 15 days on average in lowland and high mountain basins, respectively. Interestingly, the variability in SDC between the winters is much larger than between the basins.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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