Probability logic studies the properties resulting from the probabilistic interpretation of logical argument forms. Typical examples are probabilistic Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens. Argument forms with two premises usually lead from precise probabilities of the premises to imprecise or interval probabilities of the conclusion. In the contribution, we study generalized inference forms having three or more premises. Recently, Gilio has shown that these generalized forms "degrade'' -- more premises lead to more imprecise conclusions, i. e., to wider intervals. We distinguish different forms of degradation. We analyse Predictive Inference, Modus Ponens, Bayes' Theorem, and Modus Tollens. Special attention is devoted to the case where the conditioning events have zero probabilities. Finally, we discuss the relation of degradation to monotonicity.
Let $r\ge 3$, $n\ge r$ and $\pi =(d_1,d_2,\ldots ,d_n)$ be a non-increasing sequence of nonnegative integers. If $\pi $ has a realization $G$ with vertex set $V(G)=\{v_1,v_2,\ldots ,v_n\}$ such that $d_G(v_i)=d_i$ for $i=1,2,\ldots , n$ and $v_1v_2\cdots v_rv_1$ is a cycle of length $r$ in $G$, then $\pi $ is said to be potentially $C_r''$-graphic. In this paper, we give a characterization for $\pi $ to be potentially $C_r''$-graphic.
A graph $G$ is degree-continuous if the degrees of every two adjacent vertices of $G$ differ by at most 1. A finite nonempty set $S$ of integers is convex if $k \in S$ for every integer $k$ with $\min (S) \le k \le \max (S)$. It is shown that for all integers $r > 0$ and $s \ge 0$ and a convex set $S$ with $\min (S) = r$ and $\max (S) = r+s$, there exists a connected degree-continuous graph $G$ with the degree set $S$ and diameter $2s+2$. The minimum order of a degree-continuous graph with a prescribed degree set is studied. Furthermore, it is shown that for every graph $G$ and convex set $S$ of positive integers containing the integer 2, there exists a connected degree-continuous graph $H$ with the degree set $S$ and containing $G$ as an induced subgraph if and only if $\max (S)\ge \Delta (G)$ and $G$ contains no $r-$regular component where $r = \max (S)$.
Belief functions can be taken as an alternative to the classical probability theory, as a generalization of this theory, but also as a non-traditional and sophisticated application of the probability theory. In this paper we abandon the idea of numerically quantified degrees of belief in favour of the case when belief functions take their vahies in partially ordered sets, perhaps enriched to lower or upper semilattices. Such structures seern to be the most general ones to which reasonable and nontrivial parts of the theory of belief functions can be extended and generalized.
Belief functions can be taken as an alternative to the classical probability theory, as a generalization of this theory, but also as a non-traditional and sophisticated application of the probability theory. In this paper we abandon the idea of nnmerically quantified degrees of belief in favour of the case when belief functions take their values in partially ordered sets, perhaps enriched to lower or upper semilattices. Such structures seern to be the most general ones to which reasoriable and nontrivial parts of the theory of belief functions can be extended and generalized.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulphate-bound form (DHEAS) are important steroids mainly of adrenal origin. Their physiological and pathophysiological functions are not yet fully identified, although a number of various possible features have been hypothesized. Most popular is the description of the “hormone of youth” as the long-term dynamics of DHEA levels are characterized by a sharp age-related decline in the late adulthood and later. Low levels of DHEA are, however, associated not only with the ageing process but also with diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and some neurological or immunological entities. In the past decade, a number of brief studies have concentrated on these relationships and also on the role of exogenous DHEA in health, disease and human well-being. This article tries to summarize some of the most important facts achieved recently., P. Celec, L. Stárka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This study aimed to examine relationships between DHEA(S), anthropometric parameters, oral glucose tolerance test derived data and lipid spectra in a Czech non-diabetic population. 380 healthy volunteers both with and without a family history of diabetes type 2 (DM2) were en rolled into the study (women: n=235, age 28.9±9.4 years, BMI 22.3±4.5 kg/m2, men: n=145, age 32.3±10.0 years, BMI 24.7±3.6 kg/m2). Spearman’s correlations (both without and with the adjustment for age, age and BMI), as well as ANCOVA were used. Non-adjusted data showed many “beneficial” correlations between DHEA(S) and both anthropometric and metabolic variables. Statistical analysis revealed that almost all correlations of DHEA(S) to adiposity and fat distribution in men as well as in women disappeared after the adjustment. There are, however, differences between men and women in the correlation of DHEA(S) to insulin sensitivity and lipid levels. The use of hormonal contraceptives (COC) is also an important factor in this relationship. In men and also in women using COC, DHEA-S after adjustment correlated positively with fasting and stimulated glucose, insulin and C-peptide, and negatively with insulin sensitivity. In this respect, the benefit of DHEA(S) supplementation seems - at least in terms of its alleged antiobesity and antidiabetogenic effects - to be more than controversial., B. Bendlová, J. Vrbíková, M. Hill, M. Vaňková, P. Lukášová, J. Včelák, D. Vejražková, K. Dvořáková, R. Hampl, K. Vondra, L. Stárka., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) possesses fat-reducing effect, while little information is available on whether DHEA regulates cell proliferation and mitochondrial function, which would, in turn, affect lipid droplet accumulation in the broiler. In the present study, the lipid droplet accumulation, cell proliferation, cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential were analysis in primary chicken hepatocytes after DHEA treated. The results showed that total area and counts of lipid droplets were significantly decreased in hepatocytes treated with DHEA. The cell viability was significantly increased, while cell proliferation was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in primary chicken hepatocytes after DHEA treated. DHEA treatment significantly increased the cell population in S phase and decreased the population in G2/M in primary chicken hepatocytes. Meanwhile, the cyclin A and cyclin-dependent kinases 2 (CDK2) mRNA abundance were significantly decreased in hepatocytes after DHEA treated. No significant differences were observed in the number of mitochondria, while the mitochondrial membrane permeability and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity were significantly increased in hepatocytes after DHEA treated. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that DHEA reduced lipid droplet accumulation by inhibiting hepatocytes proliferation and enhancing mitochondrial function in primary chicken hepatocytes., Long-Long Li, Dian Wang, Chong-Yang Ge, Lei Yu, Jin-Long Zhao, Hai-Tian Ma., and Obsahuje bibliografii