As servants of their church community, teachers had to spend much of their time on activities that today we might consider secondary - tasks relating to their ancillary duties as cantor, organist or verger. But in rural communities the teachers, alongside the priests, were often the only educated men in the parish and played a not inconsiderable role in the early stages of the national revival movement. The school reforms passed in 18th century Hungary opened the way for teachers - even those in elementary schools - to improve their social standing and prestige, on condition they fulfilled certain expectations as formulated in the basic reform programme, Ratio educationis (1777). Our paper examines the new types of school (normal, preparatory) that offered teachers better chances of social advancement and public acceptance. Drawing on case studies of teachers in several schools, it documents how they managed to meet the demands made on them while still pursuing and realizing their own ambitions., Eva Kowalská., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This year's Science and Technology Week, organized for the public by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, took place November 1-15 in Prague, Brno, České Budějovice, Olomouc, Ostrava and other places. Science and Technology Week is one of the largest science communication efforts in the Czech Republic, presenting the latest scientific achievements and results of current research to an increasing number of Czech citizens. Scientists from research workplaces of the ASCR presented a cross section of lectures, presentations, panel discussions, seminars, excursions, exhibitions and discussion evenings. This gave attendees insights into their research projects, scientific apparatuses and an outline on the latest trends in the areas of science in the Czech Republic and the world. The festival has a main theme each year. This year theme was the Science Energy. and Luděk Svoboda.
By studying how a layer of moleculs grows into and ordered layer from the edge of a rectangular silicon wafer, the team of Prof. Jan Genzer from the USA has established the time evolution of self-propagating, self-assembly fronts. The team is the first to confirm the phenomenon in a real physical system. and Marina Hužvárová.