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42. Istoty a skeptický problém

Creator:
Koreň, Ladislav
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, filozofie, philosophy, certainty, knowledge, scepticism, Wittgenstein, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
The aim of the article is to develop the dialectics and potential of a specific philosophical approach to the problem of epistemological scepticism: Wittgenstein’s ideas about the function of fundamental certainties in our epistemic practices. I begin with an excursion into the problematic of sceptical arguments and explain G. E. Moore’s anti-sceptical strategy, which influenced Wittgenstein’s thoughts in On Certainty. I then offer a reconstruction of the Wittgensteinian approach that I favour. On this basis I argue that although there is a grain of truth in scepticism, the idea of an indefinitely-iterated doubt and request for reasons (driving the Pyrrhonian-style of scepticism), as well as the idea of a hyperbolic doubt (driving Cartesian-style scepticism), are philosophical illusions from the perspective of the rules and standards of our epistemic operating - the would-be sceptic offers us no compelling alternative., Ladislav Koreň., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

43. Jak dospět k fikčním světům

Creator:
Lubomír Doležel
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, filozofie, philosophy, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
Tázání po podstatě fikce a fikčnosti literatury patří k základním otázkám literární teorie a v konečném důsledku souvisí se zkoumáním samotné identity (fikční) literatury. Možných odpovědí na tyto a podobné otázky existuje vícero. Předkládaná studie mapuje konkrétní postup, jistou posloupnost voleb, které je nutné uskutečnit, aby nás dovedly k jedné specifické možnosti takové fikční teorie. Jednotlivé dichotomicky spárované návrhy, mezi nimiž je voleno, pocházejí z nejrůznějších oblastí teoretického bádání (filozofie, logika, sémiotika aj.) a představují konkrétní možnosti ideových a metodologických přístupů na cestě ke konzistentní teorii fikce. Takovou konzistentní teorii fikce splňuje jedinečná teorie fikčních světů, jejíž výsledný tvar získáváme poté, co jsme prošli množinou všech proponovaných voleb., The quest for the basis of fiction and fictional literature belongs to the fundamental questions of literary theory and, ultimately, is connected to the inquiry into the very identity of (fictional) literature. There are multiple possible answers to these and similar questions. This study maps a concrete approach – a certain series of choices which it is necessary to make in order to arrive at one specific possibility of such fictional literature. A particular dichotomous linking of suggestions between which to choose originates from the most various areas of theoretical study (philosophy, logic, semiotics and so on) and presents concrete possibilities of conceptual and methodological approaches on the way to a consistent theory of fiction. One such consistent theory of fiction is the unique theory of fictional worlds whose ultimate form we gain after we have gone through the set of all proposed choices., and Lubomír Doležel.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

44. Jak oživit „zamrzlou” evoluční ontologii

Creator:
Radim Šíp
Format:
print
Type:
article, diskuse, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, ontologie (filozofie), evoluční ontologie, kultura, příroda, Prométheus (mytologická postava), ontology, evolutionary ontology, culture, nature, Prometheus (Greek deity), strong/weak anthropocentrism, epigenetic/structural information, Hegelo-Marxist/Kantian strategies, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
The discussion study takes as its starting point the thinking, which Professor Šmajs and others presented in Filosofický časopis 6, 2013 on evolutionary ontology. The author shows an enduring aspect of evolutionary ontology: ontology as the product of human culture attains to knowledge that has the seeming character of objective truth - it thus expresses the true nature of the ontic order of nature. This is not, however, the usual nonsense of inconsistent philosophy. The author of the text identifies as lying behind the step Kantian and Hegelian strategies which make possible this shift from the order of culture to the order of nature. These strategies are (i) a sign of the grounding of Professor Šmajs´ ideas in early-modern thinking; and (ii) they are the cause of a strongly anthropocentric attitude, which unwittingly influences the system of evolutionary ontology. At the end of the study, the author points to the fact that it would be more appropriate for evolutionary ontology if its proponents were able to give up their early-modern argumentative approach, and thus rid themselves of their strong anthropocentrism. In this way they would be able to avoid the conceptual conflict which makes evolutionary ontology "frozen" from within., Radim Šíp., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

46. Jazyk jako obraz: McGinnová a Sellars o Wittgensteinově „Traktátu”

Creator:
Stefanie Dach
Format:
print
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951, Sellars, Wilfrid, 1912-1989, filozofie, pravda, philosophy, truth, linguistic idealism, the picture theory, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
This study is concerned with interpretation of the Tractatus and the picture theory of the early-Wittgenstein from the perspective of the anti-metaphysical reading of M. McGinn and from the perspective of W. Sellars. I analyse McGinn's interpretation and the difficulties which are caused for her in her attempt to provide a non-minimalistic interpretation of Wittgenstein's picture theory. The interpretation of McGinn is then contrasted with Sellars who, unlike the majority of other interpreters, reads Wittgenstein's picture theory in a radically nominalistic way, and places little emphasis on the overall consistency of the Tractatus. I show that his approach allows one to preserve some interesting insights provided by McGinn, while it also manages to avoid the problems that beset her interpretation. Sellars' reading may therefore better serve McGinn's aims than her own reading, although it demands that we give up some of the key theses of the Tractatus. At the same time it may also lead us to a reevaluation of the relevance of the Tractatus for contemporary philosophical debates., Stefanie Dach., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

47. Jazyk, písmo a čínská filosofie

Creator:
Lukáš Zádrapa
Format:
print
Type:
article, studie, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, čínská filozofie, jazyk, písmo, etymologie, stará čínština, Chinese philosophy, eng, language, script, etymology, old Chinese language, Chinese characters, analyses of characters, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
Even those historians of Chinese thought, who are capable of both masterly analyses and great synthetic surveys of pre-modern Chinese philosophy, such an Anne Cheng, author of The history of Chinese thought, mostly remain in the grip of enduring stereotypes about Chinese language and Chinese letters. This is true despite the fact that old Chinese linguistics has progressed in the last 50 years at an unforeseen rate, and practically no experts on that language fail to take these advances seriously. At issue, above all, are the immensely popular analyses of characters, which authors treat as the path to uncovering the etymology of a given concept under research. Emancipation from written characters is, it would seem, a basic precondition for a better understanding of language, including the lexicon of philosophical concepts. This article aims to give a broad acccount of the inadequacy of character-etymology and, in contrast to this method, to describe which direction we should take if we wish to understand the conceptual apparatus of ancient Chinese thinkers., Lukáš Zádrapa., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

48. Je aristotelsko-tomistický hylemorfismus schopný života?: Poznámky k článku Davida Peroutky „Tomistická psychologie a moderní pojem mysli“

Creator:
Jiří Vácha
Type:
article, diskuse, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, filozofie, philosophy, Hylemorfismus, Tomáš Akvinský, substanciální forma, první látka, akcident logický a reálný, subatomární fyzika a metafyzika, energie atomových jader, "organická" škola ve filosofii biologie, jednota organismu, (proto)vědomí živých bytostí, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
„Silná“ forma hylemorfismu, podle které je živá bytost metafyzicky složena ze substanciální formy a zcela neurčité první látky, je neslučitelná s novověkou přírodovědou: schopnost mít prožitky, subjektivita, v různém stupni základní vlastnost živého, má proti sobě nikoliv neurčitou, ale už samostatně strukturovanou hmotu. „Duše“ nemůže působit jako zdroj makro-struktury organismu, kterým je interakce atomů a molekul chovajících se podle (deterministických) zákonů. Tyto zákony působí stejně uvnitř těla i mimo něj. Ještě méně může být podstatná forma odpovědná za konfiguraci vrstvy atomových jader, která se na životních funkcích jako taková vůbec nepodílí a energeticky tyto funkce velmi podstatně přesahuje. Z těchto a podobných důvodů byla idea hylemorfismu nahrazena polaritou subjektivity (mysli) a těla. Současná „organická“ škola (Varela, Jonas, Thompson, Spahn aj.) se snaží v aristotelském stylu sblížit ducha s přírodou poukazem na strukturní (formovou) jednotu živé bytosti. Je si však zároveň vědoma, že forma poukazuje na specifickou jednotu živé bytosti jen tehdy, je-li viděna „zvnitřku“ bytostí, jako jsme my – vtělené subjektivity s jejich qualii a moralii, která se pomocí „formy“ vyjádřit nedají. „Forma“ svou podstatou spadá do kategorie toho, co je popsatelné ve 3. osobě, a jako taková proto neřeší dnešní „těžký problém“ vztahu mysli a těla., A “strong” form of hylomorphism, according to which a living being is the metaphysical composition of a substantial form and of totally indeterminate first matter, is incompatible with modern natural science: the ability to have experiences, subjectivity, to differing degrees the basic property of the living, encounters not an indeterminate matter, but a matter already independently structured. A “soul” cannot function as the source of the macro-structure of an organism, which source is represented, instead, by the interaction of atoms and molecules that behave according to the same (deterministic) laws to which they are subjected outside the living body. Even less can the substantial form be responsible for the configuration at the level of atomic nuclei which do not take part, as such, in living functions and which, in terms of energy, vastly exceed such functions. For these and similar reasons, the idea of hylomorphism has been replaced by the polarity of subjectivity (mind) and body. The contemporary “organic” school (Varela, Jonas, Thompson, Spahn, and others) attempts, in the Aristotelean way, to bring mind closer to nature by pointing to the structural (formal) unity of a living being. This school is, however, conscious of the fact that a form can point to the specific unity of a living organism only if it is seen from “within” beings such as us – i.e. embodied subjectivities, with their qualia and moralia, which cannot be expressed by means of a “form”. Form, in the end, belongs to a category that is describable only in the third person, and therefore, as such, does not resolve today’s “hard problem” of the relation between mind and body., and Jiří Vácha.
Rights:
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49. Je Tichého logika logikou?: O vztahu logické analýzy a dedukce

Creator:
Jiří Raclavský
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, filozofie, philosophy, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
Tichého logika bývá někdy znevažována proto, že prý podceňuje dedukci – že se věnuje pouze logické analýze. Ukazuji, že tento názor je mylný. Logická analýza, tj. určení toho, které tzv. konstrukce výrazy vyjadřují, je k určení platnosti úsudků formulovaných v přirozeném jazyce nezbytná. Vyplývání je definováno jako určitý vztah mezi konstrukcemi, tedy jako mimojazyková záležitost. Platnost úsudků (složených z konstrukcí) se odvíjí od vlastností příslušných konstrukcí. Tyto vlastnosti vyobrazují derivační pravidla Tichého systému dedukce., It is sometimes objected that Tichý’s logic is not logic because it underestimates deduction – providing only a logical analysis of expressions. I argue that this opinion is wrong. First of all, detection of valid arguments (which are formulated in a language) requires logical analysis determining which semantical entities – Tichý’s constructions – are involved. Entailment is defined as an extralinguistic affair relating those constructions. The validity of arguments (composed of propositional constructions) stems from properties of the constructions. Such properties are displayed by the derivation rules of Tichý’s system of deduction., and Jiří Raclavský.
Rights:
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50. Jego stanowisko w dziejach oświaty i filozofii w Polsce: rzecz napisana przez Maurycego Straszewskiego

Creator:
Jan Śniadecki and Straszewski, Maurycy
Publisher:
Akademia Umiejetności w Krakowie
Format:
print and 323 s., lxxvi.
Type:
text, volume, pojednání, model:monograph, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, Tisky (19. stol.), Śniadecki, Jan, 1756-1830, filozofové, filozofie, Polsko, 101-051, 101, (438), (049), 5, 12, and 094.5
Language:
Polish
Description:
Jan Śniadecki ; Maurycy Straszewski. and KČSN
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public