Photosynthetic pathways (e.g. C3, C4) and morphological functional types (e.g. trees, shrubs, high perennial grasses, perennial forbs) were identified for the native species from the Saskatchewan mixed prairie, using the data from references published between 1950 and 2003. Of the total 219 identified species in 145 genera and 45 families, 208 species in 137 genera and 44 families were found with C3 photosynthesis, and most of these species are dominants (e.g. Agropyron dasystachyum Hook. and Stipa spartea var. curtiseta Hitchc.). 11 species in 10 genera and 3 families were identified with C4 photosynthesis (e.g. Atriplex argentea Nutt., Andropogon scoparius Michx., Boutelou gracilis Lag., Calamovilfa longifolia Hook.). The amount of total identified C4 species in the region is much less than that from the South Dakota mixed prairie (27 species). Gramineae is the leading family with C4 photosynthesis (8 species), Chenopodiaceae ranks the second (2 species). Relatively less forb types [50 % perennial forbs (PEF) and 12 % annual forbs (ANF)] and more graminoid types (25 %) composition suggested that the rangelands in the region are relatively stable. Lacking of the knowledge on the optimal traits for PFTs classification in the region, further studies (e.g. C3 and C4 plant identification and optimal trait selection) are needed to explore the relationships between PFTs and vegetation variations, as well as land-use and climate changes. and R. Z. Wang, X. Q. Liu, Y. Bai.
Lithuania is on the edge of the main distribution range of the root vole (Microtus oeconomus). It was found that the trappability of M. oeconomus did not depend on the trapping effort, the number of recorded species and individuals or the species diversity. All 13 localities with proportions of M. oeconomus constituting over 30% of the small mammal community are situated in the south and west of Lithuania. Analysis of data collected over 50 years confirms that the species has become more abundant, more widespread and its distribution range has spread north and east from the south and west of the country. The main habitats for M. oeconomus in Lithuania are reedbeds, meadows, shrubby areas and shores of water bodies. Abandoned former agricultural areas create suitable habitats for the species, thus promoting its increased abundance and wider distribution.
Floristic composition, morphological functional types, and altitudinal distribution pattern for C4 species were studied in Yunnan province, South-western China. 159 species, in 6 families and 60 genera, were identified with C4 photosynthesis. 93 % of these C4 species were found in Monocotyledoneae, e.g. Cyperaceae (18 species), Gramineae (129 species), and Commelinaceae (1 species), the other 7 % was in Dicotyledoneae, e.g. Amaranthaceae (5 species), Portulacaceae (4 species), and Chenopodiaceae (2 species). Hence C4 plants mainly occurred in very few families in the tropical region. Compared with those in semi-arid grasslands and arid deserts in North China, more C4 grasses and much less Chenopodiaceae C4 species occurred in the tropical region. This indicates the physiological responses of C4 plants from the two families are very different. Chenopodiaceae C4 species may be more fit semi-arid and arid environments, while C4 grasses are more fit the moist tropical conditions. There was a strong relationship between C4 distribution and altitude in the tropical region. Altitudinal distribution pattern for C4 species in the region was consistent with altitude, climate, and habitats.
Floristic composition, morphological functional types and habitat distributions for C4 species were studied in Xinjiang, North-western China. 89 species, in 9 families and 41 genera, were identified with C4 photosynthesis. 48 % of these C4 species were found in Monocotyledoneae, e.g. Cyperaceae (5 species), Gramineae (38 species), the other 52 % was in Dicotyledoneae, e.g. Chenopodiaceae (29 species), Amaranthaceae (7 species), and Polygonaceae (5 species). Compared with those in semi-arid grasslands in North China and tropical forests in South China, more plant families were found with the occurrence of C4 plants in this arid region. Relatively higher annual species (63 %), shrubs (18 %), and Chenopodiaceae C4 species (33 %) compositions were the primary characteristics for the C4 species occurring in Xinjiang, and this was remarkably related with its arid environment. More Chenopodiaceae C4 species occurring in the region suggested that this type of C4 species may have higher capacity to fit the air and soil droughts. There was a strong relationship between C4 occurrence and habitat distributions, more than half of the total 89 C4 species were found in disturbed and cultivated lands and early stages of vegetation successions, indicating C4 occurrence was not only related with climate changes, but also with land uses and vegetation dynamics.
Two new species belonging to the genus Willemia are described: W. bedosae sp. n. and W. christianseni sp. n. Redescriptions of Willemia dubia Christiansen & Bellinger, 1980 and W. similis Mills, 1934 are provided. Willemia vashtia Wray, 1950 is a new synonym of W. similis. These four species and four other of the genus constitute the Willemia anophthalma-group. This group is characterized by one feature not shared by the other species of the genus: the presence of setae a l on abdominal sternum IV. A comparative table and an identification key are given for these eight species, as well as some remarks on their habitats.