Motion-reversal visual evoked responses (VERs) have remarkable waveform variability. In our opinion this is caused by the alternative predominance of either motion or pattem-onset/offset related components. The motion dependent component of motion-reversal VER closely resembles motion-onset VER (main negative peak with the latency of about 170 ms), the first positive peak (with the latency of about 100 ms) corresponds to the pattern-onset component and the second non-constant positive peak (with the latency of about 130 ms) seems to be identical with the pattern-offset positivity. The differences in expression of these components are dependent on some stimulus characteristics (mainly on the contrast of a structure, velocity of motion, retinal localization of the stimulus) and on substantial differences in the sensitivity of subjects to motion stimulation.
According to the theory of plate tectonics, the Earth crust is composed of 14 to 16 major independent segments - tectonic plates. These plates are in motion relative to one another. Not all the plate boundaries are exactly defined. The paper focuses on the behaviour of tectonic plates in the collision zones. Space geodesy techniques allow us to determine precise positions and velocities of the sites on the Earth surface. The global horizontal motions of the tectonic plates were derived from the coordinates and velocities of the stations defining the International Terrestrial Reference Frame - ITRF 2005 which is based on these techniques. The method described in (Kostelecký and Zeman, 2000) was employed. In the Mediterranean area, which is a contact area between the Eurasian, the Arabian and the African plate, also relative movements of the points located along the plate boundaries were computed. Further, a continuum mechanics approach was applied to detect surface deformations on the European continent and around collision zones between the tectonic plates all over the globe., Miluše Šnajdrová and Jan Kostelecký., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article examins the development of attitudes of the Proplet Muhammad to the use of wine and other beverages containing alcoholic substances. The author questions commonly shared view, that the ban of wine-drinking in Islam is due to the „God’s revelation“ itself and analyzes all Qur’anic verses, in which the motif of wine occurs, in their actual contexts. Thus, it seems to be clear, that the real ban of wine and application of the whole range of penalties for the transgression of the „God’s borders“ is only the issue of the later developments within the framework of the Islamic law (shari’a).
The various physical handicaps pertain inseparably to the image of mankind. However, the handicappedpersons always have aroused the notice of others and their presence in the society provoked various reactions for part of the majority of the not handicapped. So this theme was introduced also into the folklore. For the closer scrutiny of this phenomenon was chosen the topic of the Scythe-Handed Woman-a girl with cut-offhands, and its penetration into fairy-tales. As a point of departure the Inventory of Czech Fairy-Tales by Václav Tille was used. The frame of the story of this fairy-tale is based on the clash of the powers of the good and the evil, with the final victory of the good, which can be interpreted also as an essence of the basic human desires. The main theme is being presented in eight versions. The plot unfolds in four basic stages (except for one version with three stages only): (1) in the exposition the main protagonist of the evil is introduced: widowed father or miserly father, widowed mother or step-mother; and also the victim of the evil: daughter or step-daughter. (2) The daughter is being exposed to thefirst attack of the evil, and this leads into cutting-off of one or both ofher hands. (3) The girl saves herself she has her own family, but the evil attacks her again through the accusation that she gave birth to a monster (monsters). (4) The young mother with her child (children) escapes from the immediate threat to their lives, in this final stage she cures herself and meets her husband. The same theme has also the foreign version appendedfor comparison. The motive of the loss or mutilation of hands characterizes not only the fairy-tale of Scythe-Handed Woman but appears also, for example, as a sign of disability to reign, see the mentioned Irish example. There is also mentioned the connexion with the sympathetic magie: Čenìk Zibrt observed its manifestations in our country already at the end of the nineteenth century. The causes of evil root in three negative human features: the incest yearnings of father, the jealousy of mother or step-mother and the insaturable miserness of father. The evil attacks twice, but it doesn't win even after artful accusation of the main protagonist. Its goal was to lower the handicapped women together with her child (children) to the level of the beast and then to destroy them completely. To remedy the consequences of the evil some curing ingredient (water) or some person gifted through some higher power must cooperate so that the young woman could recuperate her physical integrity. On the side of good also concrete persons operate, among them in the most of the cases father-in-law or mother-in-law. Th and e social aspect of the normal state is being restored through the reconstitution of the new family. The representants of the evil are punished, but they can be also pardoned. As a general message of the fairy-tale of Scythe-Handed Woman we can consider two imperatives: mother should at all costs save her own child and at the same time she should find the way to secure the basic life necessities. The specific message is the fact thatfor handicapped persons suffering from Health defects their personal misery appeals for its overcoming. The fairy-tale of Scythe-Handed Womanis in this sense mediates a in-destructable hope to those who suffer. In this interpretation the acting characters are not archetypical abstractions but personalities that reflect the reality of human life.
Cieľom výskumu bolo popísanie motívov, ktoré adolescentov vedú k, respektíve brzdia v čítaní, ako aj zistenie možných rozdielov v motivácii a preferenciách žánrov z hľadiska veku. Výskumný súbor tvorilo 375 respondentov, z čoho čitateľov bolo 130 (34,66 %). Motivácia k čítaniu bola meraná prostredníctvom dotazníka Motivations for Reading Questionnaire (Wigfield & Guthrie, 1997). Motívy, ktoré vedú respondentov k čítaniu, respektíve ich od čítania odrádzajú, boli zisťované otvorenými otázkami. Výsledky ukázali, že medzi staršími a mladšími adolescentmi sa v rámci motivácie k čítaniu nenachádzajú rozdiely. K najčastejším motívom, ktoré vedú mladších respondentov k čítaniu kníh, patria: získavanie nových informácii z kníh, skutočnosť, že čítanie považujú za zábavnú a zaujímavú aktivitu a súčasne za možnosť na chvíľu uniknúť z reality. U starších dominovalo získavanie nových informácii, možnosť oddychu a únik z reality. V skupine nečítajúcej mládeže mladší respondenti uviedli, že nečítajú hlavne preto, lebo ich táto aktivita nebaví, knihy považujú za nudné a nechce sa im. Starších adolescentov od čítania odrádza presvedčenie, že čítanie je nudná aktivita a ďalším významným dôvodom je nedostatok času. Medzi mladšími čitateľmi sú populárne dobrodružné romány, fantasy a dievčenské romány. U starších čitateľov dominujú žánre podobné, a to žáner dobrodružný, fantasy a detektívny. and The aim of this study was to describe motives that lead adolescents to read, or which make them refuse to read. Furthermore, it aimed to find out potential differences in motivation and reading preferences due to age group. Totally 375 respondents participated in this study from which 130 (34,66%) were readers. Reading motivation was measured by the Motivations for Reading Questionnaire (Wigfield & Guthrie, 1997). Motives that lead adolescents to read or which make them refuse to read were detected with open questions. Results show that there are no differences between younger and older adolescents in reading motivation. The most common reading motives in younger readers were: reaching new information from books, opinion, that reading is a funny and interesting activity and reading represents an opportunity to escape from the reality for a while. In the group of older adolescents were most common motives reaching new information, the way how to relax and escape from the reality. Nonreading younger adolescents refuse to read because they are not interested in reading, they consider the book boring and they do not have the will to read. Older adolescents do not read because they consider reading as a boring activity and they do not have enough time for it. The most popular genres among younger readers are the adventurous genre, fantasy, and novels for girls. Older readers prefer the adventurous genre, fantasy, and detective novels.
Článek prezentuje koncept motivační struktury a zasazuje jej do širšího kontextu motivační psychologie. Komentuje proměny, k nimž v obsahu tohoto pojmu došlo, a zevrubně představuje motivační strukturu jako osobně konzistentní způsob volby cílů a usilování o ně. Takové pojetí motivační struktury vychází z Klingerovy teorie „curent concerns“ a je v souladu i s Heckhausenovým modelem motivace. Článek popisuje možnosti operacionalizace motivační struktury a uvádí psychometrické charakteristiky vybraných metod. V další části je věnována pozornost vztahu motivační struktury k rozlišením mezi motivačními stavy a rysy, mezi implicitní a explicitní motivací a mezi vnitřní a vnější motivací. Závěr je věnován možnostem modifikace motivační struktury ve vztahu k seberegulaci a motivačnímu poradenství.
Úspěšné vyučování vyžaduje nejen učitele, který umí a chce vyučovat, ale také žáka, který se chce učit. I dnešní žáky lze vyučovat způsobem, který je nadchne a tím k učení povzbudi. Motivace mladých lidí k zájmu o studium technických a přírodovědných oborů je předmětem projektu Podpora technických a přírodovědných oborů (MŠMT). V této souvislosti se projekt zabývá také výukou a přípravou učitelů fyziky, matematiky, biologie a chemie. V současné době se připravuje závěrečná konference o projektu, která proběhne 7. až 8. listopadu 2012 v Praze (ptpo.reformy-msmt.cz)., Miroslav Brzezina [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Motivy k rodičovství jsou důležitým tématem nejen pro ty, kteří uvažuji, zda, kdy a kolikrát se stát rodiči, ale tím spíš pro ty, kteří z nějakých důvodů volí alternativní cesty k rodičovství (léčba asistovanou reprodukcí, žadatelé o náhradní rodinnou péči). Kvalitativní obsahovou analýzou 569 výpovědí žen a mužů jsme zjistili, že významná část lidí rodičovství plánujících nebo rodičů si své motivy neuvědomuje. Lidé rodičovství neplánující naopak své motivy podrobně rozmýšlejí, zřejmě se cítí být pod společenským tlakem a mají snahu své rozhodnutí obhájit. Z výsledků je zřejmé, že motivaci k rodičovství spoluutváří velký komplex více či méně vědomých a více či méně důležitých zároveň se vyskytujících motivů.