The Muslim population´s growth rate in Southern Africa has been pretty slow, even though they have been in this part of the African continent for more than a century. With the passage of time, they adapted to the changing socio-political and economic circumstances and saw themselves as an integral part of the populations in this region. As the Muslims were gradually becoming economically mobile, they set up various structures such as mosques and welfare organizations that would serve the interest of their communities and thus achieve their communal goals. Some of them realized the role of the media as one of the most effective instruments to assist in their cause and these groups then established newpapers and radio stations in different parts of the region. In the latter part of the 20th century a fair number of the media have emerged and contributed towards the debates that have taken and are still taking place within in Southern Africa´s civil societies.
Římské vojenské tažení, které mělo v r. 6 po Kr. zničit Marobudem vytvořenou říši Markomanů, nebylo nikdy zahájeno. Operační plán tažení předpokládal klešťovitý úder vedený od Rýna Sentiem Saturninem a od Dunaje Tiberiem. Názory o jeho uskutečnění vycházejí z rétorického líčení událostí Velleiem Patercullem formou tzv. panegyricu na Tiberia, které zdůrazňuje vynucené dramatické ukončení tažení krátce před spojením obou vojenských uskupení. Ve skutečnosti tato vojska vůbec nevykročila z míst svého soustředění. Dávat proto do souvislosti římské opevnění u Mušova s polním tažením v r. 6 po Kr. není odůvodněné. and The military subjugation of Maroboduus’ empire, planned for 6 AD by Augustus and Tiberius: a war without campaigns. The Roman military offensive against the heart of Maroboduus’ regnum in Bohemia in AD 6 – as described by C. Velleius Paterculus – never really began. The plan of campaign was a pincer movement by two Roman army groups, one commanded by Sentius Saturninus moving in from the Rhine while the other under Tiberius approached from the Danube. Contrary, however, to the rhetorical account by Velleius – who in his panegyric on Tiberius dramatised the campaign’s abortion as having been compelled by the Pannonian revolt before the generals could unite and join battle with the enemy – the two armies never left their deployment zones. It is therefore incorrect to connect the archaeological traces of Roman fortifications at Mušov-Burgstall, and the Augustan/Tiberian age artefacts excavated at the same site, with this war.
Habits are a peculiar component of culture, which currently have more functions in society. The function to identify is among the identification which classifies an individual as a member of “his/her” group, defines him or her and serves as an instrument for differentiation. The functions are an important element in the construction of a feeling of pride on the membership in a given group. The study submits a view of the specific realm of funeral habits and military funeral ceremonies within the military community with focus on the description of the current form of these habits in the environment of the Armed Forces of the Slovakian Republic. It introduces the basic formal means that are used in this environment in the case of a soldier´s death. The author observes how standards and rules are applied. She searches for an answer to the question whether there is a space in this strict environment hampered by norms to undertake spontaneous activities, not defined in the rules, related to funeral ceremonies and farewells, or other specific expressions that are part of life of this
socio-professional group. The study pays attention to specific types of ritual activities, such as ramp ceremony and welcome ceremony, the theme of soldiers - suicides, and the ratio of religious funeral ceremonies in the military environment.
Dozens are killed in january 2009 as a result of violent protests in Antananarivo following the closure of opposition TV and radio stations. Opposition leader Andry Rajoelina calls on the president to resign, and proclaims himself in charge of the country following the riots. In February Government sacks Rajoelina from his post as Antananarivo mayor. Dozens of people are killed after police open fire on an opposition demonstration in the capital. In March a group of military officers mutiny, saying they will now follow opposition leader Andry Rajoelina. President Ravalomanana resigns following further unrest, saying he is handing power over to the military. Andry Rajoelina assumes power with military and high court backing; suspends parliament and sets up two transitional bodies to run the island. Amid widespread international condemnation of the army-backed takeover, the US cuts off non-humanitarian aid and the African Union suspends Madagascar‘s membership.