Time series of the daily total precipitation, daily wastewater discharges and daily concentrations and pollution loads of BOD5, COD, SS, N-NH4, Ntot and Ptot were analyzed at the inflow to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for a larger city in 2004-2009 (WWTP is loaded by pollution from 435,000 equivalent inhabitants). The time series of the outflow from a WWTP was also available for 2007. The time series of daily total precipitation, daily wastewater discharges, concentrations and pollution loads at the inflow and outflow from the WWTP were standardized year by year to exclude a long-term trend, and periodic components with a period of 7 days and 365 days (and potentially also 186.5 days) were excluded from the standardized series. However, these two operations eliminated only a small part of the variance; there was a substantial reduction in the variance only for ammonium nitrogen and total nitrogen at the inflow and outflow from a WWTP. The relationship between the inflow into a WWTP and the outflow from a WWTP for the concentrations and pollution loads was described by simple transfer functions (SISO models) and more complicated transfer functions (MISO models). A simple transfer function (SISO model) was employed to describe the relationship between the daily total precipitation and the wastewater discharge.
The article deals with the posssibility of using different design techniques of centrifugal pumps designing in the context of their use in the computer-aided design. It is carried out a comparison of calculated and experimental pump characteristics. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The previously developed thoracic finite element model [8, 9] was used to investigate the human thoracic dynamic responses associated with the frontal, lateral and oblique loading and to predict injuries of the thorax associated with the frontal loading. The thoracic model was developed [8, 9] to improve the human articulated rigid body model ROBBY (the model of an average adult male) [13, 14], which was previously developed at the University of West Bohemia in cooperation with ESI Group (Engineering Simulation for Industry). There are implemented deformable models of the thorax and abdomen in the ROBBY model. The geometries of individual thoracic organs were based on the cadaver tomography data and color cross-section photographs obtained from Visible Human Project (VHP) [33]. The thoracic model material properties were obtained either by virtue of cooperation with ESI Group or from public sources (articles, Internet, books). Thoracic model includes the models of the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, vertebrae, lungs, heart, trachea, main vessels (aorta, vena cava superior), intercostal muscles, diaphragm, flesh and skin. The presented study deals with the dynamic response and validation of the whole thoracic model and with the prediction of thoracic injuries by virtue of this model. The results of simulations are compared with the experimental results. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
In this report, we dealt with ventricular activation abnormalities in 30 patients with previous non-Q myocardial infarction (Mi) by means of the CARD1AG 128.1 device, which enables analysis of ECGs, VCGs and body surface potential maps. The diagnosis was verified by left ventriculography, echocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy. Twenty-nine healthy subjects served as the control group. Morphological findings confirmed the presence of a significant subgroup with serious left ventricular asynergy. Seven electrocardiological variables, which significantly differed from control values, disclosed that non-Q Ml is responsible for localized activation time prolongation, and that inferoposterior scars tend to delay the entire activation of ventricles, and to cause disturbances of the terminal depolarization phase together with a decrease in voltage production during QRS. Lesions of the anterior wall and the apicomesial part of the inferoposterior wall affect the distribution of the Q wave more often than the posterior basal ones. The probability of such abnormalities increases with the degree of asynergy. Some VCG criteria increase the sensitivity of electrocardiological analysis. These parameters will be used for evaluating the diagnostic value of electrocardiological analysis in the chronic non-Q Ml. Non-Q myocardial infarctions represent a heterogeneous group of infarctions from both electrophysiological and morphological aspects.
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI), a remote sensing technique, is used for detecting surface deformation in the cities of Prague and Ostrava. PSI is able to detect vertical movements with an accuracy of less than 1 mm for a long time series of the SAR data, but the maximum detectable rate of movement is only a few centimetres per year. This technique is quite suitable for detecting recent movements in most Prague localities. On the other hand, in Ostrava and its surroundings, affected by undermining, where subsidences (1992-2006) amount to decimetres per year, movements cannot be fully detected by the PSInSAR technique. The paper presents results of analysing PSI data for two localities in Prague and one locality in the Ostrava areas. The localities are strictly situated in built-up areas with many suitable reflectors. Data from the ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT satellites covering a 13-year period for the Prague (1992-2005) and a 14-year period for the Ostrava (1992-2006) area were used. Annual movement velocities and time-series of reflectors were determined. At these three localities, where different types of movements were identified, the application and possible limitations of PSI in urban areas are shown., Pavel Kadlečík, Vladimír Schenk, Zuzana Seidlová and Zdeňka Schenková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The main objective of this paper is to explain how the application of various interpolation methods influence the determination of vertical crustal movements at any given point. The paper compares several methods of interpolation and verifies their suitability, including kriging, minimum curvature, nearest neighbor, natural neighbor, polynomial regression, inverse distance to a power, and triangulation with linear interpolation. The calculations show that the chosen interpolation method has significant influence on the final result of the study. Nearest neighbor method was chosen to be the best., Kamil Kowalczyk, Jacek Rapinski and Marek Mroz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Study about the mechanical energy balance and the energy loss of 3-D turbulent flows in open-channels has its own complexities. The governing equation of the mechanical energy in turbulent flows has been previously known and includes turbulence parameters that their calculations or measurements are not easy. In this study, a form of the total mechanical energy equation that leads to a number of significant physical insights is analytically investigated, from which analytical relationships for the energy loss estimation in 3-D turbulent flows are defined. The effect of different turbulence parameters is reflected on the new relationships and analyzed by equalizations replacing unknown correlations with closure approximations using the numerical turbulence simulation. In order to investigate the application of the analytical relationships, numerical simulations are performed by using OpenFOAM software to solve the Navier-Stokes equations with the RSM turbulence model in open-channels with different geometries. Then, the contribution of the turbulence parameters to the total mechanical energy balance is evaluated in uniform and nonuniform turbulent flows and their difference is analyzed, that leads to identify the parameters affecting the friction and local losses. The results demonstrate that the magnitudes of the turbulent diffusion, the work done by the viscous stresses pertaining to the mean motion and the viscous diffusion of the turbulence energy are substantially smaller than the other terms of the total energy equation for turbulent flows in open-channels with different geometries, while the effect of the variations of the turbulence kinetic energy and the work done by the turbulence stresses, that has not been considered in the previous mechanical energy equations, is more important in complex flows. From a practical viewpoint, in order to study the details of the total mechanical energy balance and the energy loss in 3-D turbulent flows with the presence of the secondary currents, the proposed method can be useful.
Einstein-Barbarossa velocity or resistance equation (1952) is widely used to find resistance to flow in alluvial channel. In order to validate the equation in all ranges (smooth to rough); they introduced a correction factor based on the Nikuradse measurement. This correction factor is determined from the graphical method, which can be erroneous. Present work reanalyzes the Nikuradse measurements and gives an analytical formulation for the correction factor. and Einsteinova-Barbarossova rovnica (1952) sa často používa na určenie odporu voči prúdeniu v kanáloch. Autori do nej zaviedli korekčný faktor, založený na meraniach Nikuradzeho, aby overili platnosť rovnice v celom rozsahu drsností (od hladkých stien po drsné). Tento korekčný faktor sa určuje grafickou metódou, ktorá môže viesť k chybným výsledkom. V tejto práci sa znova analyzujú výsledky Nikuradzeho meraní a je navrhnutá analytická formulácia na výpočet korekčného faktora.
An improved theoretical formulation is proposed here to predict the moment field induced in laterally loaded RC rectangular stiffened plates including the effect of strength and stiffness of the internal stiffening beams. Design charts are also presented for their quick proportioning. The study reveals the effect of strength and stiffness of the internal beams on the moment field induced in the plate-system which was not considered, currently, by various methods prescribed by different design codes. The use of stiffened-plates becomes mandatory in buildings to accomodate some architectural constraints as well as for satisfying the serviceability criterion of design codes. This type of a structural system is efficient, economical and readily constructible in most of common materials. Moreover, it can be built as a monolithic unit or as a composite system comprising a plate cast in concrete and beams constructed in prestressed concrete, fabricated sections in steel, and so forth. A working example is presented to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the simplified approach in comparison to finite element based design and other code prescribed methods. and Obsahuje seznam literatury a Appendix A
This paper presents closed form solution for unsteady flow equation corresponding to the transient hydraulic head, flow rate and volumetric exchange of a confined aquifer which is in contact with a constant piezometric head at one end and a stream whose water level is rising at a constant rate at the other end. The aquifer is also subjected to receive constant inflow due to rain infiltration. The unsteady groundwater flow equation is solved using Laplace transform to get analytical expressions for the transient hydraulic head and flow rate at the left and right interfaces and the net volumetric exchange of water at the aquifer-stream interface. The analytical results presented here show the effect of recharge due to rain infiltration on the net volumetric exchange and reveal the conditions for which net inflow in the aquifer could be positive, negative or zero. The results obtained have the capability to determine transient hydraulic head for two extreme scenarios: (i) very slow rise and (ii) very fast rise in the stream water. Analytical result show that the net volumetric exchange could be positive, zero or negative depending on the surface infiltration and stream water rise rate. and Príspevok obsahuje analytické riešenie rovnice neustáleného prúdenia vzhľadom na neustálenú hydraulickú výšku, rýchlosť prúdenia a objemové toky vo zvodnenom kolektore s napätou hladinou, ktorý je v kontakte s konštantnou piezometrickou výškou na jednej strane a s tokom s konštantne sa zvyšujúcou hladinou vody na strane druhej. Zvodnený kolektor je tiež napájaný konštantnou rýchlosťou infiltrovanou vodou zo zrážok. Rovnica neustáleného prúdenia podzemnej vody je riešená s použitím Laplaceovej transformácie, aby sme získali neustálenú tlakovú výšku na ľavej aj pravej strane a objemový prítok vody na rozhraní zvodnený kolektor - tok. Výsledky analytického riešenia, ktoré predkladáme, ukazujú vplyv infiltrácie zrážok na doplňovanie podzemnej vody a odhaľujú podmienky, za ktorých prítok do zvodneného kolektora môže byť kladný, negatívny, alebo nulový. Získané výsledky umožňujú určiť neustálené hydraulické výšky pre dva extrémne scenáre: (i) veľmi pomalé a (ii) veľmi rýchle zvýšenie hladiny vody v toku. Analytické riešenie ukazuje, že objem vody, ktorou je zvodnený kolektor doplňovaný, môže byť kladný, záporný, alebo nulový, v závislosti na intenzite infiltrácie a rýchlosti zvyšovania sa hladiny vody v toku.