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2642. Asistovaná reprodukcia v slovenskom právnom poriadku
- Creator:
- Zoláková, Zuzana
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- asistovaná reprodukce, IVF, and právní regulace
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- In the submitted article the author compares progress in the area of reproductive medicine in the last 30 years with the status of legislation on assisted reproduction in the Slovak Republic. In the first part she provides details on techniques that are currently available for treatment of infertility (artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer) and documents its application at the assisted reproduction clinics in Slovakia. In comparison with the established practice she elucidates provisions of the SSR Ministry of Health Measure no. 24/1983 of the Ministry of Health Bulletin on conditions for artificial fertilization, which recognizes only one of the assisted reproduction methods and determines conditions, which must be met by applicants for the treatment. In accordance with the legislation obsolete terminology, the author turns to sources of possible definitions, while she inevitably encounters the legal status problem/the degree of legal protection of embryos, which are handled with during assisted reproduction related treatment. In the other part she contemplates discrepancy in conditions, which are determined for performance of the assisted reproduction by the Ministry of Health Measure, their observation and relevance for the medical practice. Following that she pays heed to general legislation on informed consent and donation of cells in the Health Care Act and determining of parental rights, which closely relate to the performance of assisted reproduction. In conclusion of this part she defines areas, which require more elaborate regulation and formulates issues, which are not settled by the Slovak legal order at all. As a solution, the author submits two possible approaches to regulate assisted reproduction, which could be assumed by the law-maker, – a paternalistic, or liberal approach. and Autorka v predkladanom článku porovnáva pokrok v oblasti reprodukčnej medicíny za posledných 30 rokov so stavom právnej úpravy asistovanej reprodukcie v Slovenskej republike. V prvej časti približuje techniky, ktoré sú v súčasnosti dostupné pri liečbe neplodnosti (artificiálna inseminácia, in vitro fertilizácia a embryotranfer) a dokumentuje ich aplikáciu na klinikách asistovanej reprodukcie na Slovensku. V porovnaní so zavedenou praxou približuje ustanovenia stále platného Opatrenia Ministerstva zdravotníctva SSR č. 24/1983 Vestníka MZ Úprava o podmienkach pre umelé oplodnenie, ktoré pozná len jednu z metód asistovanej reprodukcie a stanovuje podmienky, ktoré musia žiadatelia o zákrok splniť. Autorka sa v súlade s terminologickou zastaralosťou právnej úpravy obracia k zdrojom možných definícií, pričom nevyhnutne naráža na problém právneho statusu/miery právnej ochrany embryí, s ktorými sa pri úkonoch spojených s asistovanou reprodukciou manipuluje. V ďalšej časti sa zamýšľa nad diskrepanciou medzi podmienkami, ktoré pre výkon asistovanej reprodukcie stanovuje opatrenie Ministerstva zdravotníctva, ich dodržiavaním a aktuálnosťou pre medicínsku prax. Napokon venuje pozornosť všeobecnej právnej úprave informovaného súhlasu a darcovstva buniek v zákone o zdravotnej starostlivosti a určovaniu rodičovských práv, ktoré s výkonom asistovanej reprodukcie úzko súvisia. V závere tejto časti vytyčuje oblasti, ktoré si vyžadujú prepracovanejšiu reguláciu a formuluje otázky, ktoré slovenský právny poriadok neupravuje vôbec. Ako riešenie autorka predkladá dva možné prístupy ktoré by k regulácii asistovanej reprodukcie zákonodarca mohol zaujať - paternalistický alebo liberálny prístup.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2643. Asistovaná smrt, profesní etika a svědomí
- Creator:
- Hříbek, Tomáš
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- eutanazie, profesní etika, osobní integrita, svědomí, euthanasia, professional ethics, personal integrity, and conscience
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The critics of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide question not only the usual arguments in favor of these controversial methods of assisted dying, based on the principles of autonomy and wellbeing. The critics also claim that these methods contradict either the professional integrity of physicians, or their personal integrity, or both. I examine and critique these claims. As far as the alleged contradiction between euthanasia and the professional medical ethics is concerned, it assumes an essentialist understanding of medicine as a discipline which has not changed for millennia. In fact, medicine has kept changing; if so, why could it not change even further to permit euthanasia? As for an alleged conflict between euthanasia and the personal integrity, or conscience, of physicians, it is first of all important to choose between an appeal to professional integrity and an appeal to personal integrity; one cannot maintain both. On the issue of personal integrity, I am inclined to the view that conscience must not be either absolutized, or ignored. As long as certain medical practices remain ethically controversial—and euthanasia will certainly belong in this category—physicians should have a right to an exception on the grounds of conscience, although no refusal must directly discriminate against any patients, or burden them in a disproportionate way. and Kritici eutanazie či asistovaného sebeusmrcení zpochybňují nejen obvyklé argumenty ve prospěch těchto kontroverzních forem asistované smrti, založené na principech autonomie či prospěchu. Kromě toho rovněž tvrdí, že tyto metody jsou v rozporu s profesionální integritou lékařů, nebo s osobní integritou lékařů, či s obojím. V článku tato tvrzení zkoumám a kritizuji. Pokud jde o údajný rozpor mezi eutanazií a etikou lékařské profese, jejím předpokladem je esencialistické pojetí medicíny jako oboru, který se po tisíciletí nezměnil. Ve skutečnosti se medicína mění. Je-li tomu tak, proč by se medicína nemohla vyvíjet i dále a připustit i eutanazii? Co se týče rozporu mezi praxí eutanazie a osobní integritou lékařů, kteří podobné metody asistované smrti odmítají z důvodu svědomí, je třeba si v první řadě vybrat mezi apelem k profesní integritě a apelem k osobní integritě; obojí zastávat nelze. V otázce osobní integrity se kloním k názoru, že svědomí nelze ani absolutizovat, ale ani ignorovat. Dokud jisté lékařské praktiky zůstanou eticky kontroverzní – a eutanazie k nim jistě bude dlouho patřit – měli by lékaři mít právo na výjimku z důvodu svědomí, ačkoli žádné odmítnutí jakéhokoli úkonu nesmí pacienty otevřeně diskriminovat nebo neúměrně zatěžovat.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2644. Asistované přežívání, nebo asistované invaze?: O změnách klimatu, vymírání druhů a Jurských parcích
- Creator:
- Pyšek, Petr
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2645. Aspects of the morphology and a review of the taxonomic status of three species of the genus Chonopeltis (Crustacea: Branchiura) from the Orange-Vaal and South West Cape River Systems, South Africa
- Creator:
- Van As, Liesl L. and Van As, Jo G.
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Subject:
- Chonopeltis australis, Chonopeltis minutus, Chonopeltis australissimus, taxonomy, morphology, and fish parasite
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Comparative scanning electron microscopical studies were carried out on Chonopeltis australis Boxshall, 1976 collected from different localities in the Orange-Vaal River System in South Africa and on material of Chonopeltis minutus Fryer, 1977 and Chonopeltis australissimus Fryer, 1977 on loan from the Albany Museum, Grahamstown. This elucidates the fine structure of morphological features, which are of taxonomic importance and illustrates the significance of the copulatory structures on the legs as a taxonomic tool. It was also concluded that C. australissimus is the same as C. minutus, with C. australissimus the junior synonym.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2646. Aspekte der Musik, Kunst und Religion zur Zeit der Tschechischen Moderne
- Creator:
- Frippiat, Marianne
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2647. Aspekty mechanické úpravy lepených povrchů tryskáním
- Creator:
- Müller, Miroslav, Jirka, Miloš, and Chotěborský, Rostislav
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- adhesive bonding, grain size, grit blasting, surface roughness, drsnost povrchu, lepení, tryskání, and velikost zrna
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- An Adhesive bonded surface mechanical treatment is one of necessary steps in an adhesive bonding technology application. A grit blasting ranges among prospective adhesive bonded surface treatment technologies. A resulted surface structure depends on many factors. A grit blasting material grain size together with specific fraction size belongs to basic parameters. this paper deals with an influence of the grain on surface roughness parameters as well as on a charge of a adhesive bond strength. and Mechanická úprava lepeného povrchu je jedním z nezbytných kroků při aplikaci technologie lepení. Mezi perspektivní technologie úpravy lepeného povrchu patří tryskání. Výsledná textura povrchu je závislá na mnoha parametrech. Mezi základní parametry patří zrnitost tryskaného materiálu a s tím související měrný rozměr zrna. Článek pojednává o vlivu rozměru zrna na parametry drsnosti povrchu a rovněž i jejich vliv na změnu pevnosti lepeného spoje.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2648. Aspiration syndromes and associated lung injury: incidence, pathophysiology and management
- Creator:
- Košutova, Petra and Mikolka, Pavol
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- aspiration syndromes, aspiration pneumonitis, aspiration pneumonia, acute lung injury, and pathophysiology
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Aspiration is a common condition affecting healthy or sick patients which could create an acute or chronic inflammatory reaction in the lungs. Aspiration syndromes could be categorized according to a content entering the respiratory system into bacterial aspiration pneumonia with the gastric or oropharyngeal bacteria entering, aspiration chemical pneumonitis with bacteriafreegastric acid aspiration, or aspiration of a foreign body which causes an acute pulmonary emergency. There are differences in the clinical presentation of volume-dependent aspirations (microaspiration and macroaspiration): the higher is the volume of aspiration, the greater is the injury to the patient and more serious are the health consequences (with 70 % mortality rate for hospitalized patients). Aspiration syndromes can affect both the airways and pulmonary parenchyma, leading to acute lung injury, increased hospitalization rate and worse outcomes in critically ill patients. Impaired alveolar-capillary permeability, oedema formation, neutrophilic inflammatory response and pulmonary surfactant inactivation lead to reduced lung compliance and loss of aerated lung tissue and give rise to hypoxemia and respiratory failure. This review discusses the effect of aspiration events on the pulmonary tissue. The main focus is to distinguish the differences between bacterial and chemical pneumonia, their clinical presentation and symptoms, risk factors of developing the changes, possibilities of diagnostics and management as well as prevention of aspirations. Because of a risk of serious lung damage after the aspiration, pathophysiology and processes leading to lung tissue injury are discussed in detail. Data sources represent a systematic literature search using relevant medical subject headings
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2649. Assessement of possible diel and sex-related differences in round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) diet
- Creator:
- Všetičková, Lucie, Janáč, Michal, Roche, Kevin, and Jurajda, Pavel
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- invasive species, diel feeding, inter-sex differences, nest-guarding, and breeding season
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Several aspects of invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) biology are based on sporadic observations or anecdotal reports only, e.g. they are night feeders, they prey on eggs and larvae of native fish and male feeding ceases or is highly restricted during breeding due to nest-guarding. To test the general validity of such hypotheses, we assessed diel and inter-sex differences in diet and feeding intensity of 232 gobies (144 female [54 day:90 night] and 88 male [39 day:49 night]) caught during the breeding season. Gobies took primarily aquatic insect larvae and did not predate on eggs, larvae or juveniles of native fish. Unlike previous studies, we observed no diel difference in feeding intensity or diet composition; hence no universal diel pattern can be implied for round goby feeding. On the other hand, we observed significant inter-sex differences in both feeding intensity and diet composition, with males consuming less food than females, presumably due to restricted feeding activity during nest-guarding. Inter-sex shifts in both diet composition and amount of food were less than expected, however, suggesting that, under most conditions, there is no reason to expect a fatal decrease in male energy intake, as suggested by some earlier studies.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2650. Assessing flow regime alterations in a temporary river - the River Celone case study
- Creator:
- De Girolamo, Anna Maria, Lo Porto, Antonio, Pappagallo, Giuseppe, and Gallart, Francesc
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- natural hydrological regime, temporary stream, hydrological modelling, and indicators of hydrological alteration
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In this paper, we present an approach to evaluate the hydrological alterations of a temporary river. In these rivers, it is expected that anthropogenic pressures largely modify low-flow components of the flow regime with consequences for aquatic habitat and diversity in invertebrate species. First, by using a simple hydrological index (IARI) river segments of the Celone stream (southern Italy) whose hydrological regime is significantly influenced by anthropogenic activities have been identified. Hydrological alteration has been further classified through the analysis of two metrics: the degree (Mf) and the predictability of dry flow conditions (Sd6). Measured streamflow data were used to calculate the metrics in present conditions (impacted). Given the lack of data from pristine conditions, simulated streamflow time series were used to calculate the metrics in reference conditions. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to estimate daily natural streamflow. Hydrological alterations associated with water abstractions, point discharges and the presence of a reservoir were assessed by comparing the metrics (Mf, Sd6) before and after the impacts. The results show that the hydrological regime of the river segment located in the upper part of the basin is slightly altered, while the regime of the river segment downstream of the reservoir is heavily altered. This approach is intended for use with ecological metrics in defining the water quality status and in planning streamflow management activities.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public