An instrument Form Talysurf series 2 is mechanical ''contact'' inductive profilometer. Instrument is controlled by Ultra software, it incorporates calibration and measurement functions too. It includes roughness analyze and counting of the roughness (waviness and form) parameters of measured profile. 3D measurements are analyzed via PC using the TalyMap software. The package includes data manipulation tools such as high-resolution zooming, filtering, levelling by least square line removal, symmetries, rotations, threshold setting and cylindrical, spherical or polynomial form removal, profile extraction. Parameter sets include area and volume, counting and sorting, roughness and waviness in both 2D and 3D and automatic step height calculation. Data presentation tools include photo-realistic images in full color, meshed axonometric projections and contour diagrams.
Nobel Lecture, presented on December 8, 2016, at Aula Magna, Stockholm University. This article describes the history and background of three discoveries cited in this Nobel Prize: The "TKNN" topological formula for the integer quantum Hall effect found by David Thouless and collaborators, the Chern insulator of quantum anomalous Hall effect, and its role in the later discovery of time-reversal invariant topological insulators, and the unexpected topological spin-liquid state of the spin-1 quantum antiferromagnetic chain, which provided an initial example of topological quantum matter. This article summarizes how these early beginnings have led to the exciting, and currently extremely active, field of "topological matter"., F. Duncan M. Haldane ; přeložil Ivan Gregora ; foto A. Mahmoud, Odile Belmontová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Nobel Lecture, presented on December 8, 2016, at Aula Magna, Stockholm University. In his lecture F. J. M. Kosterlitz described theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter, partially on behalf of the main researcher behind those discoveries, David Thouless, who was not able to give the talk. First, the history of the collaboration between Kosterlitz and Thouless was briefly described. Then, a summary of their contribution to applications of topology to classical Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless of BKT phase transition was described., John Michael Kosterlitz ; přeložil Ivan Gregora ; foto A. Mahmoud., and Obsahuje bibliografii