The present study investigated cardiac function in hearts of mice with total deficiency of the β1-, β2- and β3-adrenoceptors (TKO) in comparison to wildtype mice (WT). We investigated cardiac morphology and echocardiographic function, measured protein expression of Ca2+-regulatory proteins, SERCA 2a activity, myofibrillar function, and performed running wheel tests. Heart weight and heart-to-body weight ratio were significantly smaller in TKO as compared to WT. This was accompanied by a decrease in the size of the cardiomyocytes in TKO. Heart rate and ejection fraction were significantly diminished in TKO as compared to WT. Protein expressions of SERCA 2a, ryanodine receptor and Na+/Ca2+-exchanger were similar in TKO and WT mice, but phospholamban protein expression was increased. PKAdependent phosphorylation of phospholamban at serine 16 was absent and CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation at threonine 17 was decreased in TKO. All alterations were paralleled by a decrease in SERCA 2a-activity. A similar maximal calciumdependent tension but an increased myofibrillar calciumsensitivity was measured in TKO as compared to WT. We did not observe relevant functional impairments of TKO in running wheel tests. In the absence of β-agonistic stimulation, SERCA 2a activity is mainly regulated by alterations of phospholamban expression and phosphorylation. The decreased SERCA 2a activity following β-adrenoceptor deficiency may be partly compensated by an increased myofibrillar calcium-sensitivity., S. Lee ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Arne Laurin., "Toulavé zprávy" jest rozšířený otisk autorovy studie, která vyšla po prvé v týdeníku Přítomnost, ročník IV., číslo 49 ze dne 15. prosince 1928. Dvě stě exemplářů vytiskl "Orbis" ... podle osnovy Arthura Novákas o vánocích 1928 na náklad Arne Laurina, Vl. jméno autora: Lustig, Arnošt, and Na patitulu: Srdečné přání k Novému roku 1929 posílá p. prof. Klírovi Arne Laurin (vlastnoruční věnování a podpis autorův)
This article can be described as a legal-sociological take on the constitutional norm that defines the character of political representation in democratic Poland. Although this norm refers to the purely representative character of democracy, it differs from the expectations of society, which regards elected representatives as dependent on the will of the electorate even beyond election day. Research shows that elected representatives have very varied opinions on their role. When they consider the voting prerogatives of national minorities or the quota representation of women, it is sociographic representation that they have in mind. As for the representation of opinion, they agree on some points and differ over others, recognising the latitude of their mandate, supporting referenda, but also limiting their legal significance. They also describe the subject of representation and the nature of the ties it is based on in different ways. Some feel themselves entirely dependent on society, while others aim to express the interests of only certain segments of society. This leads to the claim that such variability in conceptions and interpretations is the strength of representation. Sociologists in general, and sociologists of law in particular, must bear this fact in mind when interpreting the process that takes place within the great legislative factory.
A study of displacements relating to geodynamical processes involves a use of accurate measurement equipment. Better and better accuracy of field surveys neglecting a survey environment can be insufficient in a reliable study. One of the environmental aspects is discussed in the paper. That is a geotechnical condition of a ground - an environment of benchmarks, which changes of position are observed in geodetic surveys. The conditions determine a ground stability affected by weather or geological processes. The main idea of the paper is to consider geotechnical and geological aspects in geodetic reasoning carried on the base of displacement analysis within a study of geodynamics. There are presented examples illustrating the problem. The first relates to former levelling observations carried in an area of Wieliczka, well geologically surveyed due to mining activity in a salt deposit. There are presented results obtained on the base of a numerical analysis. The seasonal variations of benchmarks’ heights are explained in a background of geology. The changes of ground properties induced by atmospheric conditions are suggested as the main cause of the displacements. The survey data processing provided values of displacements caused by seasonally expanding grounds. The second examples concerns ongoing observations in the area of Inowroclaw (located above the salt dome) bring similar variations of heights that can not be related to that cause. The estimated linear trend of height changes proves an uplift process of the salt dome. Derived conclusions suggest a certain methodology helpful in reliable analysis of geodetic surveys. The conclusions prove that geodetic surveys carried out for investigations of displacements in geodynamics require quite extensive geological data., Zbigniew Szczerbowski., and Obsahuje bibliografii