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3382. Bloudící mláďata bahňáků
- Creator:
- Heneberg, Petr
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
3383. Bludištěm světa? K motivu malby labyrintu románského portálu klášterního kostela v Plasích
- Creator:
- Skalický, Petr
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- painting, labyrinth, and Monastery Church in Plasy
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Nedávný nález románského portálu západního průčelí cisterciáckého kostela v Plasích patří k nejvýznamnější domácí medievistické a také památkářské události posledních let. Výzdoba exteriérové strany jeho tympanonu nese reliéf, v interiéru se nachází unikátní nástěnná malba s motivem labyrintu. Na obou stranách spatřujeme dvakrát opakovaný motivy kříže. Na reliéfu jsou kříže zobrazeny jako procesní, na malbě je kříž akcentován ve středu cesty labyrintem umístěném v centru kříže, který je vymezen pozadím plochy. Obě strany interpretačně spojuje zásadní idea pohybu (procesní kříže, cesta labyrintem), a ta je spjata též se samotnou funkcí portálu; vstupovalo se jím z vnějšího profánního světa do posvátna církve-chrámu (ecclesia). Motiv labyrintu se v umění objevuje od antiky po současnost. V každé z epoch se uplatňoval ve zcela odlišných kontextech, jež korespondovaly s radikálně odlišnými funkcemi konkrétních labyrintů. První labyrint v křesťanském chrámu pochází ze 4. století. Od 9. století jej běžně nalézáme v různých významech v rukopisech. V evropské sakrální architektuře se vyskytovaly přibližně pouze v rozmezí 12. a 15. století. V následných staletích se přesunuly spíše do exteriérů s odlišnými světskými významy (zvl. zahradní bludiště). Labyrint v Plasích je třeba interpretovat na základě soudobých labyrintů dochovaných zejména ve Francii a Itálii a také v zrcadle středověkých etymologických výkladů slova labyrinthus. Na jedné straně reprezentoval nelehkou cestu kříže (imitatio Christi), na druhé formuloval komplikovaný a přitom triumfální vstup do lůna církve. Oba výklady nebyly protikladné, doplňovaly se, a navíc mohly absorbovat další významové roviny. Proto také mohl labyrint v Plasích v jednom ze svých etymologických výkladů (labor et intus) asociovat řádové heslo Ora et labora a v dalších významových odkazech též aktuálně prožívané křížové výpravy do Svaté země, které v té době hýbaly celou Evropou a nebyly živým námětem jen na vladařských dvorech (zakladatelem kláštera byl český panovník), ale právě i v nitru cisterciáckého řádu. and The discovery of the Romanesque portal of the western facade of the Cistercian church in Plasy is one of the most important events of recent years for Czech medievalists and conservationists. The exterior side of its tympanum carries a relief, while on the interior side there is a unique wall painting of a labyrinth. On both sides appear repeated crosses. On the relief they are depicted as processional, while in the painting the theme of the cross is emphasised with one cross in the centre of the way through a labyrinth that is itself set in the centre of another cross delineated in the background. In terms of interpretation, the two sides are linked by the idea of movement (the processional crosses, the path through the labyrinth) and this is also connected with the very function of the portal, through which one moves from the external profane world into the sacral church (ecclesia). The theme of the labyrinth has appeared in art from antiquity up to the present day. In every epoch it has been applied in different contexts that corresponding with the different functions. The first labyrinth in a Christian church dates from the 4th century. From the 9th century the labyrinths appear also in manuscripts. In European sacral architecture, the theme appears only in — roughly — the 12th to 15th centuries. The labyrinth in Plasy needs to be considered with an eye to other labyrinths of the period that have survived, particularly in France and Italy, and to medieval etymological interpretations of the word labyrinthus. Labyrinthus represented the hard way of the cross (imitatio Christi), but also a difficult yet triumphant journey into the womb of the Church. These interpretations were not contradictory but rather complementary and could absorb different levels of meaning. Thus, the labyrinth in Plasy could also be associated in one etymological meaning (labor et intus) with the order’s maxim Ora et labor, and also be an allusion to the crusades, which were causing a great stir throughout Europe at the time and inspired artistic production not just in the courts of rulers, but inside the Cistercian order itself.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
3384. Bludné mořské víry a evropské klima: Jak se tělo Golfského proudu domlouvá s oceánem
- Creator:
- Cílek , Václav
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
3385. Bludy, pověry a pravda (?) o kukačce... a jaké poučení z toho plyne pro poznávání přírody
- Creator:
- Grim, Tomáš
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Fallacies, superstition, and the truth (?) about the cuckoo. The common cuckoo is a bird well-known to every layman. Still, a great majority of traditional "knowledge" about the cuckoo was based on superstition, incomplete observations and erroneous interpretations. Here, I review various false "truths" about the cuckoo, explain how particular fallacies originated, and also put traditional views into a historical perspective.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
3386. Blue light dosage affects photosynthesis, chlorophyll, and antioxidant properties of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
- Creator:
- Zhang, H., Tu, Y., Kang, J., Song, W., and Zheng, L.
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- common ice plant, controlled environment, gas exchange, and light quality
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Mesembryanthemum crystallinum is an annual succulent plant that is being used as an emerging healthy leafy vegetable. To investigate the growth and physiological response of M. crystallinum to artificial lighting, five different light treatments were applied at 150 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1, which were white (W), different rations of red/blue (B) (15, 40, and 70%B), and blue (100%B), respectively. Our results showed that plants could gain as much as edible leaf area and dry mass with a certain ratio of blue (40%) in comparison with W. Plants grown under 100%B resulted in reduced photosynthetic rate, leaf area, and fresh mass compared with W. Adding blue fraction in the light regime enhanced the photosynthetic performance by influencing the amount of chlorophyll (Chl), Chl a/b, and specific leaf area. Under red/blue treatments, the electron transport rate and effective quantum yield of both PSII and PSI increased, while the nitrate content was reduced and flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity were unaffected.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
3387. Blue radiation stimulates photosynthetic induction in Fagus sylvatica L.
- Creator:
- Košvancová-Zitová, M., Urban, O., Navrátil, M., Špunda, V., Robson, T. M., and Marek, M. V.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- blue, red ratio, electron transport, non-photochemical quenching, radiation quality, Rubisco activation, and transient limitations of photosynthesis
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the spectral composition of incident radiation, as defined by the relative proportions of blue (B; λmax = 455 nm) and red (R; λmax = 625 nm) photons, can affect photosynthetic induction, since B photons stimulate stomatal opening and are more effectively absorbed by leaves than R photons. Different stages of photosynthetic induction, primarily determined by the photo-modulation of Rubisco activity and stomata opening, were investigated in dark-adapted leaves of Fagus sylvatica transferred to saturating irradiance [800µmol(photon) m-2 s-1] at B/R ratios of 1/3, 1/1, or 3/1. In agreement with our hypothesis, photosynthesis was induced faster by irradiance with a high B/R ratio (3/1); as demontrated by a higher IS60 (induction state 60 s after leaf illumination) and lower T 90 (the time period required to reach 90 % of maximum steady-state photosynthesis). However, there were no differences in induction between leaves receiving equal (1/1) and low (1/3) B/R ratios. Electron transport was highly sensitive to radiation quality, exhibiting faster induction kinetics with increasing B/R ratio. Such stimulation of carbon-assimilatory processes corresponds with faster activation of Rubisco and lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) as the proportion of B photons is increased. In contrast, the kinetics of stomatal opening was independent of the spectral composition of incoming radiation. Since slightly higher absorption efficiency of high B/R radiation does not fully explain the changes in induction kinetics, the other possible mechanisms contributing to the stimulation of electron transport and Rubisco activity are discussed. and M. Košvancová-Zitová ... [et al.].
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
3388. Bluma V. Zeigarnik - život ako zrkadlo dejín psychológie 20. storočia
- Creator:
- Mikulajová, Marína
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
3389. Bobr v zemích československých: Le castor en Tchécoslovaquie
- Creator:
- Zíbrt, Čeněk
- Publisher:
- Československá Akademie Zemědělská
- Format:
- print and 132 s. : il., faksim.
- Type:
- model:monograph and TEXT
- Subject:
- Dějiny civilizace. Kulturní dějiny, bobr evropský, kulturní aspekty, kulturní dějiny, Československo, 8, and 930.85
- Language:
- Czech, French, Latin, and German
- Description:
- Čeněk Zíbrt., KČSN, Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík, and Francouzské resumé
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
3390. Bobrovitý savec z jury
- Creator:
- Robovský, Jan
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public