Semi-natural grasslands form an important part of the National Park and determine the landscape character of the area. Due to migration and human activities, plant species from the foothills and alpine areas have come into contact in the montane zone and coexist in new communities. The mechanisms behind the high diversity of local grasslands have been investigated since the 1980s. and Hana Skálová, František Krahulec.
Článek popisuje tzv. závislý způsob zakládání kolonie u mravenců. Ten má několik stupňů závislosti - od závislosti na cizím mraveništi pouze v počátku vzniku kolonie (dočasná závislost) až po trvalé soužití dvou mravenčích druhů. To má několik stupňů, počínaje prostým hostováním (xenobióza) a konče příležitostným (fakultativním) otrokářstvím - tzv. inkvilinie, nebo trvalým (obligatorním) otrokářstvím - tzv. duloze. Trvalé otrokářství je spojeno s nutností pořádat otrokářské výpravy za plodem pomocných mravenců (otroků). Mimo jiné je jich využito i pro založení nové kolonie otrokářů., Dependent ways of nest foundation in some ant species are described. These include various types of social parasitism ranging from temporary parasitism to both optional and obligatory slavery. The latter is the strongest form of dependence of the slave-making ant on its slaves and is accompanied by the inability of the slaver species to survive without its slaves. On the other hand, slave-making ants are famous for their orientation in the field and movement over long distances. These abilities are used, e.g., by the European Amazon Ant (Polyergus rufescens) in its special strategy of nest foundation based on cooperation between workers and the freshly inseminated queen during a slavery raid., and Pavel Amcha.
V návaznosti na naše předchozí články tento příspěvek shrnuje a osvětluje pozoruhodné až rekordní vlastnosti vodních masožravých rostlin bublinatek (Utricularia, Lentibulariaceae) na úrovni ekofyziologické, biofyzikální i molekulárně genetické. Patří mezi ně velice rychlý vrcholový růst prýtu, rekordně vysoká rychlost fotosyntézy a velmi účinná reutilizace N a P ze starých prýtů, ale nikoliv K. Byl prokázán velmi rychlý průběh spuštění pastí, jejich spontánní spouštění bez mechanického podnětu po určité době, rozsáhlé vylučování organických látek do tekutiny pastí k podpoře pasťových mikrobních komenensálů i komplexní regulace tvorby pastí., As a follow-up to our previous papers, this paper summarises and elucidates remarkable and record-breaking eco-physiological, biophysical, and molecular characteristics of aquatic carnivorous bladderworts (Utricularia, Lentibulariaceae). These include the very rapid apical shoot growth, record high photosynthetic rate, and very effective N and P (but not K) reutilization in old shoots. Moreover, an extremely rapid time-course of trap firing, their spontaneous firing without any mechanical stimulus after certain time periods, extensive secretion of organic substances to the trap fluid to support microbial trap commensals, and a complex regulation of trap production are shown and discussed here., and Lubomír Adamec, Dagmara Sirová, Jaroslav Vrba, Jiří Bárta, Jiří Šantrůček, Karel Šimek.
The inhibition of photorespiration can be used to improve plant carbon fixation. In order to compare the effects of three photorespiration inhibitors [glycine, NaHSO3, and isonicotinyl hydrazide (INH)], photosynthetic parameters of leaves sprayed respectively with these chemicals were examined and their inhibiting efficiency was evaluated in Caragana korshinskii. Our results showed that 5 mM glycine could reduce the photorespiratory rate (PR) effectively, while the net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) significantly increased. The ratio of electron flow for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation to RuBP oxygenation was elevated markedly. NaHSO3 and INH could also suppress the PR in some cases, whereas PN was not improved. The glyoxylate content increased considerably after application of low concentrations of glycine. These results suggested that low concentrations of glycine could suppress photorespiration by
feed-back inhibition of glyoxylate and enhance photosynthesis by regulating gs, Ci, and the distribution of electron flow in C. korshinskii., T. Kang, H. D. Wu, B. Y. Lu, X. J. Luo, C. M. Gong, J. Bai., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The contribution of photosynthesis to yield improvement is important to know in order to determine future breeding strategies. The objectives of this study were to determine the contribution of photosynthesis and water-use efficiency (WUE) to grain yield improvement of facultative wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars on the Loess Plateau of China released between 1937 and 2004. The grain yield has increased nearly sevenfold during this period. Surprisingly, these increases were not correlated with the rate of photosynthesis per unit of leaf area when the cultivars were planted and managed in the same environment. The increases were also not correlated with transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, or WUE, except at the jointing stage. The total increase in photosynthesis may be due to enlargement of photosynthetic area and photosynthesis duration. The grain yield was positively correlated with the number of grains per unit of area (r = 0.855, P<0.05), harvest index (HI) (r = 0.885, P<0.01), and thousand-grain mass (r = 0.879, P<0.01). The increase in grain yield was limited by the grain number and the grain size (sink-limited) and the yield improvement was attributed to a rise in HI over the last 70 years in a highland agricultural system in China., X. Chen, M. -D. Hao., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The effects of soil and water contamination by lead (Pb) and the consequences on plant growth and yield are of great concern worldwide. Limits of the Pb concentration in water have been established by governmental institutions but these differ from each other. In this study, Lactuca sativa (var. Reine de Mai) plants were exposed to low Pb(NO3)2 doses (0.05-20 mg L-1), including the recommended limit values for irrigation water by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). After 28 d of exposure, lettuce plants did not present visible morphological alterations or growth impairment, but CO2 assimilation rate (PN), photochemical quenching, and effective quantum efficiency of PSII were negatively affected, while intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, or transpiration rate were not influenced. Our results suggested that limitations on photosynthesis occurred from different reasons than due to the decrease of internal CO2 availability, alterations of photophosphorylation, and/or electron transport rate. Thus, this lettuce cultivar showed photosynthetic susceptibility to low doses of Pb, even at lower concentrations than those maximal allowed for irrigation water by FAO. Furthermore, PN seemed to be the most sensitive biomarker for evaluation of Pb susceptibility., S. Silva, G. Pinto, C. Santos., and Obsahuje bibliografii