Neoadjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy has become a standard treatment of locally advanced rectal adenocarcinomas (LARA). It leads to shrinkage of the tumor mass and subsequently to an increase in complete resections (R0 resections), increasing a feasibility of sphincter-sparing intervention avoiding colostomy. It is based on concurrent application of fluoropyrimidines (5-fluorouracil, capecitabine) and radiotherapy (45 - 50,4 Gy). It shows less acute toxicity and improves local control rate in comparison to adjuvant treatment. Unfortunately, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is not beneficial for all patients. The treatment response ranges from a complete pathological remission (pCR, ypT0ypN0) to a resistance. It is reported that cca 15 percent of patients with advanced rectal cancer show pCR which is indicative of improved long-term prognosis. DESIGN: The following is a review of the significance of neoadjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy in the treatment algorithm of patients with LARA and summary of potentional clinical-pathological and molecular markers of response prediction to neoadjuvant therapy. The most important clinical studies concern serum tumor markers levels, clinical lymph node classification. The components of the carcinogenic pathways are explored, including oncogenes, tumor supressor genes, microsatellite instability (MSI) and potentional markers involved in apoptosis, angiogionesis, proliferation as well as metastasis and invasion, are reviewed. Finally, the role of specific enzymes associated with the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines are examined. CONCLUSIONS: No one marker has been consistently identified as clinically applicable. Studies designed to determine the potentional markers are hampered by various techniques as well as tumor heterogenity and recent scientific approach--studying individual molecular markers. Gene expression profiling analysis of multiple genes from the same tumor is becoming reality. We suppose that this assessment will lead in future in finding combination of markers for predicting prognosis and response to therapy in rectal cancer., Garajová Ingrid, Svoboda M., Slabý O., Kocáková L., Fabian P., Kocák I., Vyzula R., and Lit.: 71
Kvantitativní stanovení volných lehkých řetězců imunoglobulinů (FLC) v séru a jejich poměru ?/? se stává součástí souboru vyšetření při diagnostice a diferenciální diagnostice monoklonálních gamapatii. Patologický poměr ?/? v séru je projevem dysregulace syntézy imunoglobulinů a může být časným laboratorním nálezem u lymfoproliferativního onemocnění. Koncentrace volných lehkých řetězců imunoglobulinů v séru je významně závislá na funkci ledvin, zejména na glomerulární filtraci. Ve sdělení uvádíme změny koncentrací volných lehkých řetězců a poměru ?/? u nemocných se sníženou glomerulární filtrací ve vztahu k velikosti její redukce., The quantitative measurement of free light chains of immunoglobulins (FLC) in serum and their ?/? ratio have been integrated into the diagnostics of monoclonal gammopathy. The pathological ?/? ratio in serum is a sign of dysregulation of immunoglobulin synthesis and can be an early manifestation of B cell proliferative disorders. The FLC concentrations in serum are dependent significantly on the kidney function, mainly on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In our report the changes in concentration of FLCs and the ?/? ratio in patients with reduced GFR are demonstrated in dependence on the degree of GFR reduction., Granátová Jana, Bolková M., Fantová L., Hornová L., Mašková Z., Horák J., Lánská V., and Lit.: 10