Článek shrnuje použití cytokinů v terapii metastatického karcinomu ledviny od doby, kdy vzhledem k radiorezistentnímu a chemorezistentnímu chování renálního karcinomu byly prakticky jedinou systémovou terapií, až k jejich užití v dnešní době, kdy ustupují do pozadí a nahrazují je nové biologické léky, jako především tyrozinkinázové inhibitory či inhibitory mTOR. Své místo si zachovává pouze interferon-? v kombinaci s bevacizumabem (monoklonální protilátka proti VEGF), jakožto jedna z možností léčby první linie terapie mRCC. Současně se článek také zabývá mechanizmy účinků cytokinů, včetně nežádoucích, které také použití této léčby omezují., The article summarizes the use of cytokines in treating metastatic renal cell carcinoma from the time when, given the radioresistant and chemoresistant properties of renal cell carcinoma, they were virtually the only systemic therapy until present day when they give way and are being replaced with new biological agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors or mTOR inhibitors. It is only interferon-? in combination with bevacizumab (a monoclonal antibody against VEGF) that has retained its position as one of the therapeutic options in the first-line treatment for mRCC. The article also deals with the mechanisms of effects of cytokines, including adverse effects that limit the use of this treatment., Michaela Zezulová, Bohuslav Melichar, and Lit.: 23
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate prostate volume changes and prostate motions during radiotherapy.Methods: In 2010, twenty-five patients were treated for prostate cancer by external beam radiotherapy with implanted fiducial markers. Coordinates of three gold markers on kilovoltage images were calculated daily. Volume changes in target structure were observed through changes in intermarker distances. Differences in patient position between laser-tattoo alignment and gold marker localization were evaluated. Intrafraction motion was assessed by measuring marker displacement on kilovoltage images acquired before and after fraction delivery. Results: Prostate shrinkage was observed in 60% of patients. The average shrinkage was 7% of the prostate’s initial volume. Corrections after laser-tattoo alignment remained mostly below 1 cm. The difference between marker centroid position on the actual images and the planning images was 2 ± 1 mm on average. The extension of intrafraction movements was 7.6 ± 0.2 mm on average. Conclusions: In our retrospective study, the possibility for prostate volume changes during radiotherapy was revealed. Intrafraction movements turned out to be the limiting factor in safety margin reduction., Linda Kašaová, Igor Sirák, Jan Jansa, Petr Paluska, Jiří Petera, and Literatura 16