The Velvet Revolution was a non-violent uprising in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the Communist government. On November 17, 1989, police suppressed a peaceful student demonstration in Prague. Among the protesters were many young employees of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Based on the November events, civil forums were created at worksplaces. In consequences of the political evolvement, some of the compromised directors from institutes left their positions and during the following six months all directors had to be evaluated. Scientific committies began to form. On November 6, 1989, the entire presidium of ČSAV resigned and December 12, the Chamber of elected representatives of ČSAV was established. This organ became a carrier of fundamental changes, for example the first Czech science foundation was set up and proposals for evaluation of the institutes formed. The new organization structures of Academy were created. and Antonín Kostlán.
The Ondřejov 2-meter Telescope is used either in the Cassegrain or in the coudé focus; the primary focus is not used. The primary goal is the spectroscopy. Nowadays, the Cassegrain focus is equipped with the fiber-fed echelle spectrograph HEROS owned by the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Konigstuhl. The coudé focus is equipped with the slit spectrograph. Usually, the slit coudé spectrograph is being used in winter due to the lower sensitivity to the weather condition (seeing).
We present 2.2 micron maps of selected areas of the Galactic Plane, taken with the 1.5 m. Sánchez-Magro telescope on the island of Tenerife. A model of the galactic stellar distribution has been developed and the derived stellar surface densities are compared with the observations. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data and suggest remarkable differences between
the luminosity functions for the disk and the spheroid components. The extinction toward the galactic centre shows an abrupt increase when compared with other galactic directions. We note also that a
better fit is obtained when the 5 Kpc ring is included in the model, but cannot infer from our data the existence of a thick disk.
The UN General Assembly has declared 2015 the International Year of Soils to raise awareness of the vital importance of soil, which is essential not only for food security and for cultivating plants for feed, fibre, fuel and medicinal products, but also for maintaining biodiversity as it hosts countless organisms. It plays a key role in storing and filtering water, in carbon and other nutrients cycling and performs other irreplaceable ecosystem functions. The Institute of Soil Biology of the CAS Biology Centre carries out biological research into many of those functions of soil in both natural and human–affected environments, including studies of the soil microstructure, soil organism communities and their dynamics and interactions and so on. Researchers at the Institute of Soil Biology focus, among other things, on the contribution of soil fungi to nitrous oxide emissions and on the production of methane. The latter is a potent greenhouse gas and a substantial part of atmospheric methane is produced by anaerobic microorganisms called Archaea found in the soil and in animal digestive tracts, while soil is also a significant methane sink. Research is also being concentrated on the characterization and risk assessment of antibiotic resistance-reservoirs in soil, which is connected with the massive use of antibiotics in the past five decades. Scientists examine ways of preventing the antibiotic resistance spreading in the environment through food chains as well as and on the role played by the soil microflora in those processes, as Doctor Dana Elhottová explains in the corresponding article. and Jana Olivová.