Petro Shelest (1908–1997), the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was one of the strongest advocates of an armed invasion of Czechoslovakia among Soviet leaders in 1968. The Soviet leadership tasked him to maintain contacts with the so-called healthy forces in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia; in the beginning of August, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Vasil Biľak (1917–2014) secretly handed over to him the notorious “letter of invitation” in public lavatories in Bratislava. The author asks a fundamental question whether it is possible to identify a specific Ukrainian factor which stepped into the Prague Spring process and contributed to its tragic end. He attempts to capture Shelest’s position in the decision-making process and describe information that Shelest was working with., To this end, he has made use of reports of the Committee for State Security (Komitet gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti – KGB) of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on developments in Czechoslovakia and reactions thereto among Ukrainian citizens produced in the spring and summer of 1968, which were being sent to Shelest and other Ukrainian leaders. These documents have lately been made available in Ukrainian archives and partly published on the website of the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes. Their analysis brings the author to a conclusion that they were offering a considerably distorted picture of the situation. Instead of relevant information and analyses, they only present various clichés, ideological rhetoric, inaccuracies, or downright nonsenses. Their source were often members of the Czechoslovak State Security who were often motivated by worries about their own careers and existence and were acting on their own., and The uncritical acceptance of the documents contributed to a situation in which in the leader of the Ukrainian Communists and other Soviet representatives were creating unrealistic pictures of the events taking place in Czechoslovakia, believing that anti-socialist forces were winning, anti-Soviet propaganda was prevailing, and Western intelligence agencies were strengthening their position in Czechoslovakia, and that there was a threat that the events that had taken place in Hungary in 1956 would repeat themselves again. As indicated by his published diary entries and other documents, Petro Shelest was using these allegations both in discussions inside his own party and during negotiations with Czechoslovak politicians. Just like in the case of the leaders of Polish and East German Communists, Władysław Gomułka and Walter Ulbricht, respectively, the principal reason why Shelest was promoting a solution of the Czechoslovak crisis by force was, in the author’s opinion, his fear of “contagion” of his own society by events taking place in Czechoslovakia which the Ukraine shared a border with.
Ontology is widely used in the computer domain to structure concepts that represent a view of world nowadays, which could formally specify semantic relationship among the terms. In this paper, we present coordination between agent crawlers based on ontology in Topic Specific Search Engines, and we try to measure understanding among them, relying on Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) instead of comparing the terms only. In literature, most papers on concept similarity in FCA are based on two different concepts in the same concept lattice, and whereas there is very little research related to different concept lattices or even different agents. We propose a novel method on concept similarity for computing the Concept-Concept similarity, the Concept-Ontology similarity and the Ontology-Ontology similarity, and at last we can deduce understanding among agent crawlers. Finally, we can guide the crawlers effectively in our Search Engine.
Given an integral scheme X over a non-archimedean valued field k , we construct a universal closed embedding of X into a k -scheme equipped with a model over the field with one element F1 (a generalization of a toric variety). An embedding into such an ambient space determines a tropicalization of X by previous work of the authors, and we show that the set-theoretic tropicalization of X with respect to this universal embedding is the Berkovich analytification Xan . Moreover, using the scheme-theoretic tropicalization we previously introduced, we obtain a tropical scheme \mathpzcTropuniv(X) whose T -points give the analytification and that canonically maps to all other scheme-theoretic tropicalizations of X . This makes precise the idea that the Berkovich analytification is the universal tropicalization. When X=SpecA is affine, we show that \mathpzcTropuniv(X) is the limit of the tropicalizations of X with respect to all embeddings in affine space, thus giving a scheme-theoretic enrichment of a well-known result of Payne. Finally, we show that \mathpzcTropuniv(X) represents the moduli functor of semivaluations on X , and when X=SpecA is affine there is a universal semivaluation on A taking values in the idempotent semiring of regular functions on the universal tropicalization.
To what extent do anglophone Malaysian literatures retain their capacity for representation, when they are written, marketed, and sold outside Malaysian borders? How do we ascertain their authenticity as Malaysian text? This paper demonstrates how the conceptualization of the “Global Malaysian Novel” is a shift that responds to and problematizes traditional postmodern and postcolonial modes of reading that have not yet transcended the nation as a frame of reference. While a critique of their complicity in global literary markets centered in the UK and US is often reduced to an ad hominem attack, there remains much to be said about the effects of their increasingly transnational material production upon their more formally understood aesthetic and literary qualities. As such, I explore the discursive effects of the “Global Malaysian Novel” through the debates on national literature and literary tradition. In doing so, I chart how literary scholars have approached contemporary Asian literatures and attempted to situate them critically within realms of the national, within postcolonial Southeast Asia, and within World Literature frameworks. In particular, I bring the critical work of Malaysian scholars like Lloyd Fernando and Wong Phui Nam into productive dialogue with the broader field.
This paper is concerned with unconventional water cooling that is primarily intended for medium-power synchronous generators. A configuration of the proposed cooling was briefly described here. A way how to estimate the main thermal resistance related to the new water cooling system was presented here. A small induction motor was selected for practical verification of the proposed cooling concept. Measurements extended on this motor showed correctness of water cooling parameters design and superiority of this cooling method comparing to another traditional methods of cooling. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This paper presents the results of investigations on changes of the parameters of coal and surrounding rocks in the fault zones in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin. It has been shown that these zones, in relation to the undisturbed coal seams, reveal a n enrichment with some substances that pose a threat to the natural environment and that they also show a deterioration in the strength parameter values of rocks which threaten the safety of the operation. The greatest threat for the environment constituted sulphur and the ash. In the zone of the fault, it wa s observed that sulphur behaved in two ways. In the first case, the total sulphur and pyritic sulphur increased significantly by 192.3 and 823.5 %, respectively, and a small quantity of sulphate sulphur was found here, whereas in the other case, the total sulphur and pyritic sulphur decreased by 31.6 an d 35.3 %, respectively, and sulp hate sulphur increased considerably and reached up to 600 %. The mean content of ash increased by 171.8 %. The mechanical strenght of the rocks under uniaxial compressive strength in the fault zones decreased by 67 %, the microhardness of coal decreased to zero, and the intensity of cracks in coal grains increased by 359.1 %., Stanisław Roman Cmiel., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
For a nontrivial connected graph $G$ of order $n$ and a linear ordering $s\: v_1, v_2, \ldots , v_n$ of vertices of $G$, define $d(s) = \sum _{i=1}^{n-1} d(v_i, v_{i+1})$. The traceable number $t(G)$ of a graph $G$ is $t(G) = \min \lbrace d(s)\rbrace $ and the upper traceable number $t^+(G)$ of $G$ is $t^+(G) = \max \lbrace d(s)\rbrace ,$ where the minimum and maximum are taken over all linear orderings $s$ of vertices of $G$. We study upper traceable numbers of several classes of graphs and the relationship between the traceable number and upper traceable number of a graph. All connected graphs $G$ for which $t^+(G)- t(G) = 1$ are characterized and a formula for the upper traceable number of a tree is established.
Digital Watermarking (DW) based on computational intelligence (CI) is currently attracting considerable interest from the research community. This article provides an overview of the research progress in applying CI methods to the problem of DW. The scope of this review will encompass core methods of CI, including rough sets (RS), fuzzy logic (FL), artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic algorithms (GA), swarm intelligence (SI), and hybrid intelligent systems. The research contributions in each field are systematically summarized and compared to highlight promising new research directions. The findings of this review should provide useful insights into the current DW literature and be a good source for anyone who is interested in the application of CI approaches to DW systems or related fields. In addition, hybrid intelligent systems are a growing research area in CI.
This paper formulates a unit commitment optimization problem for renewable energy sources distributed in a micro-grid formed by a complex of intelligent buildings of both office and residential characters, including a wide range of amenities. We present a general description of the solution of this task using the simulated annealing heuristic optimization technique. The experiment was processed in the specialized computer program. For comparison, Appendix A of the article describes the Lagrange multipliers optimization method as the conventional alternative to the used heuristic technique. A description of the concept of intelligent buildings is provided in Appendix B.