This article deals with pairs of synonymous words in Tamil. These pairs are very frequent in modern Tamil but only a few words constituting these pairs can be considered complete synonyms. Most of them differ in meaning, emotive charge or source of origin. The pairs are arranged into several major groups according to their nature and then commented upon. The article also touches upon the question of the function of these pairs in the language.
The contraction of gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscles is
regulated by both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+ sensitization
mechanisms. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is involved in
the depolarization-induced contraction of vascular smooth muscle
via a Ca2+ sensitization pathway. However, the role of Pyk2
in GI smooth muscle contraction is unclear. The spontaneous
contraction of colonic smooth muscle was measured by using
isometric force transducers. Protein and phosphorylation levels
were determined by using western blotting. Pyk2 protein was
expressed in colonic tissue, and spontaneous colonic contractions
were inhibited by PF-431396, a Pyk2 inhibitor, in the presence of
tetrodotoxin (TTX). In cultured colonic smooth muscle cells
(CSMCs), PF-431396 decreased the levels of myosin light chain
(MLC20) phosphorylated at Ser19 and ROCK2 protein expression,
but myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression was not altered.
However, Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, increased
phosphorylation of Pyk2 at Tyr402 and concomitantly decreased
ROCK2 levels; the expression of MLCK in CSMCs did not change.
The expression of P(Tyr402)-Pyk2 and ROCK2 was increased
when CSMCs were treated with Ach. Pyk2 is involved in the
process of colonic smooth muscle contraction through the
RhoA/ROCK pathway. These pathways may provide very
important targets for investigating GI motility disorders.
We suggest a method of renorming of spaces of operators which are suitably approximable by sequences of operators from a given class. Further we generalize J. Johnsons’s construction of ideals of compact operators in the space of bounded operators and observe e.g. that under our renormings compact operators are $u$-ideals in the: space of 2-absolutely summing operators or in the space of operators factorable through a Hilbert space.
Under normal conditions, electrons are accelerated by electric fields and decelerated by collision processes. After some time, a stable equilibrium between these two processes is achieved and electrons drift with constant speed against the field direction. Such a scheme is called the ohmic regime. At higher speeds or electric fields, the situation may be completely different. Collisions may not be able to compensate for electron acceleration and electrons attain the so called runaway mode. Runaway electrons are detected in the Earth’s magnetosphere during storms, in the solar plasma, and also in laboratory plasmas and in many plasma technologies., Petr Kulhánek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Výzkum fyziky ubíhajících elektronů se v posledních letech stal jednou z prioritních oblastí výzkumu na tokamacích. V rámci konsorcia EUROfusion, které koordinuje výzkum termojaderné fúze v Evropě, byl náš tým na tokamatu COMPASS v Ústavu fyziky plazmatu AV ČR, v. v. i., před šesti lety vyzván k zařazení studia ubíhajících elektronů do experimentálního programu. Tento článek shrnuje fyzikální motivaci k uvedenému výzkumu, dosažené znalosti a také hlavní výsledky, kterými v tomto směru náš tým přispívá k jistějšímu zvládnutí termojaderného provozu prvních fúzních reaktorů, včetně zařízení ITER., Research in the physics of runaway electrons has become one of the most important fields in current tokamak science. In the framework of the EUROfusion consortium, which coordinates thermonuclear fusion research in Europe, the Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS was invited, from 2014, to introduce a runaway electron study into the experimental programme of the COMPASS tokamak. This article summarises the motivation for runaway electron research, the achieved knowledge, and also the main results of our team, which may contribute to yet safer thermonuclear operation of the first fusion reactors, including the ITER facility., Jan Mlynář, Jakub Čaloud, Ondřej Ficker, Eva Macúšová, Jaroslav Čeřovský., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Díky pokrokům v experimentální manipulaci s mikroskopickými systémy zažíváme v dnešní době žeň nových objevů ve výzkumu tepelných motorů. Získané výsledky ukazují, jak konstruovat tepelné motory pracující při maximální dovolené termodynamické účinnosti dané účinností Carnotova cyklu a dodávající nenulový a stabilní výkon, což je ve standardních učebnicích termodynamiky považováno za nemožné., The recent advent of novel micro-manipulation techniques has harvested many new results in the field of heat engines. It is now possible to construct heat engines operating at the maximum allowable thermodynamic efficiency determined by the Carnot efficiency and delivering non-zero stable output power, something which is considered impossible in standard thermodynamics textbooks., Viktor Holubec, Artem Ryabov., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
In the present text I have attempted to describe the profession of elementary school teacher and the changes it underwent in the last quarter of the 18th century. At that time, the education of the majority of children between the ages of six and twelve or thirteen was mostly in the hands of village schoolmasters, and these are my primary focus. Following the reform of the education system by Maria Teresa, teachers in Bohemia and Moravia were trained predominantly in what were known as preparanda at the Normal School in Prague. Their training differed from that of their predecessors in that their knowledge was now tested in examinations, with greater emphasis on teaching methods and closer supervision. Drawing on lists of teacher training graduates and other sources, I have analysed how many graduated every year and under what conditions, what textbooks they later used in the classroom, and the official view of pedagogy at that time. From those lists I was able to conclude that graduates who only spoke Czech ended up teaching only in small Czech-medium village schools. By looking at certain individual teachers more closely (such as the composer Jakub Jan Ryba, the pastor Tomáš Juren and several members of the Vlach family of teachers from Boleslav), my aim was to describe in outline the career of these "Czech" village schoolmasters, their motivation, level of knowledge, and deduce what they probably taught. From 1787 on, they were subject to inspection by regional school commissioners. I focussed on the first sixteen of these (one for each region), noting in particular how they were selected, their duties and aims. For it is they who were the guarantors of the new school system and the disseminators of the new thinking.As a result of the reforms, mandatory training and more exacting standards, elementary school teachers were able to improve their social standing and prestige., Michal Kneblík., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
As servants of their church community, teachers had to spend much of their time on activities that today we might consider secondary - tasks relating to their ancillary duties as cantor, organist or verger. But in rural communities the teachers, alongside the priests, were often the only educated men in the parish and played a not inconsiderable role in the early stages of the national revival movement. The school reforms passed in 18th century Hungary opened the way for teachers - even those in elementary schools - to improve their social standing and prestige, on condition they fulfilled certain expectations as formulated in the basic reform programme, Ratio educationis (1777). Our paper examines the new types of school (normal, preparatory) that offered teachers better chances of social advancement and public acceptance. Drawing on case studies of teachers in several schools, it documents how they managed to meet the demands made on them while still pursuing and realizing their own ambitions., Eva Kowalská., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Ulinastatin [or called as urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI)] plays a role in regulating neurological deficits evoked by transient cerebral ischemia. However, the underlying mechanisms still need to be determined. The present study was to examine the effects of UTI on autophagy, Nrf2-ARE and apoptosis signal pathway in the hippocampus in the process of neurological functions after cerebral ischemia using a rat model of cardiac arrest (CA). CA was induced by asphyxia followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in rats. Western blot analysis was employed to determine the expression of representative autophagy (namely, Atg5, LC3, Beclin 1), p62 protein (a maker of autophagic flux), and Nrf2-ARE pathways. Neuronal apoptosis was assessed by determining expression levels of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9, and by examining terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). The modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and spatial working memory performance were used to assess neurological deficiencies in CA rats. Our results show that CA amplified autophagy and apoptotic Caspase-3/Caspase-9, and downregulated Nrf2-ARE pathway in the hippocampus CA1 region. Systemic administration of UTI attenuated autophagy and apoptosis, and largely restored Nrf2-ARE signal pathway following cerebral ischemia and thereby alleviated neurological deficits with increasing survival of CA rats. Our data suggest that UTI improves the worsened protein expression of autophagy and apoptosis, and restores Nrf2-ARE signals in the hippocampus and this is linked to inhibition of neurological deficiencies in transient cerebral ischemia. UTI plays a beneficial role in modulating neurological deficits induced by transient cerebral ischemia via central autophagy, apoptosis and Nrf2-ARE mechanisms., Xiao-Ming Jiang, Jing-Hai Hu, Lu-Lu Wang, Chi Ma, Xu Wang, Xiao-Liang Liu., and Obsahuje bibliografii