Felsenstein's classical model for Gaussian distributions on a phylogenetic tree is shown to be a toric variety in the space of concentration matrices. We present an exact semialgebraic characterization of this model, and we demonstrate how the toric structure leads to exact methods for maximum likelihood estimation. Our results also give new insights into the geometry of ultrametric matrices.
The paper deals with three issues. First we show a sufficient condition for a cylindrical local martingale to be a stochastic integral with respect to a cylindrical Wiener process. Secondly, we state an infinite dimensional version of the martingale problem of Stroock and Varadhan, and finally we apply the results to show that a weak existence plus uniqueness in law for deterministic initial conditions for an abstract stochastic evolution equation in a Banach space implies the strong Markov property.
Dnešní výklad Brownova pohybu vychází z předpokladu, že kapalina či plyn mají nespojitou strukturu a současné učebnice mu zpravidla nevěnují vice než několik řádků. Jak z fyzikálního, tak z pedagogického hlediska je však podstatně cennější (i zajímavější) historický postup, který k tvrzení, že látky sestávají z částic, dospívá jako k nevyhnutelnému důsledku existence tohoto jevu a jeho experimentálně zjištěných vlastností. Příspěvek rekapituluje fyzikálněhistorické souvislovsti a připomíná teoretické rozbory různých aspektů Brownova pohybu - provedené Abertem Einsteinem a Jeanem Perrinem -, jež po svém důvtipném a velice pracném Perrinově všestranném experimentálním ověření přivedly dvěma odlišnými cestami k nepochybnému závěru o částicové struktuře látek., From a physics and historical point of view, this article reviews the theoretical analyses of different aspects of Browninan motion carried out by Albert Einstein and Jean Perrin, which after experimental confirmation by Perrin, have led to two independent methods for the undoubte conclusion of the discrete structure of matter., Aleš Lacina., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Alterations in mitochondrial parameters are an important hallmark of Huntington’s disease (HD). The ubiquitous expression of mutant huntingtin raises the prospect that mitochondrial disturbances can also be detected and monitored through buccal epithelial cells. In a group of 34 patients with Huntington’s disease and a group of 22 age-related healthy volunteers, respiratory complex I and IV protein quantities in buccal epithelial cells were measured using the dipstick immunocapture assay. The protein quantity of respiratory complex I correlates with age (r = 0.427, P = 0.026, FWE-P = 0.156) in the patient group, but not in the group of healthy subjects. Our non-invasive approach allows us to obtain valuable information for the studies of mitochondrial biochemical parameters in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and could also be useful in epidemiological studies. and Corresponding author: Hana Hansíková
Buckling and postbuckling behaviour of a delaminated plate subjected to shear loading has been studied by means of the finite element analysis. The plate was assumed to contain either one or two circular delamintions of various diameteers and of various out-of-plane and in-plane positions. The size of the plate corresponded to the size of laminate panels used in aircraft structures. It was therefore possible to assess the practical applicability of numerous studies which focused on the buckling behaviour of substantially smaller plates. and Obsahuje seznam literatury