Diurnal variation of gas exchange, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, and xanthophyll cycle components of three maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids released in different years, i.e. Baimaya (1950s), Zhongdan2 (1970s), and Nongda108 (1990s), were compared. On cloudless days, the newer hybrids always had higher net photosynthetic rate (PN), especially at noon, than the older ones. At noon, all the hybrids decreased their maximal yield of photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and actual quantum yield of PS2 (ΦPS2), the newer ones always showing higher values. Generally, the newer hybrids displayed higher photochemical quenching of Chl (qP) and lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The interhybrid differences in PN may be owing to their differential photochemical efficiency. A midday depression in P N occurred in all hybrids, which might be caused by serious photoinhibition or by decreased stomatal conductance. However, midday depression in PN was more obvious in the older hybrids, especially when leaves were senescent. The higher de-epoxidation state of the xanthophylls was noted in older hybrids, which was confirmed by their larger NPQ. The newer maize hybrids did not need a strong de-epoxidation state since they had a better photosynthetic quantum conversion rate and a lower NPQ. and L. Ding ... [et al.].
Two new time-dependent versions of div-curl results in a bounded domain \domain⊂\RR3 are presented. We study a limit of the product \vectorvk\vectorwk, where the sequences \vectorvk and \vectorwk belong to \Lp2. In Theorem ??? we assume that \rotor\vectorvk is bounded in the Lp-norm and \diver\vectorwk is controlled in the Lr-norm. In Theorem ??? we suppose that \rotor\vectorwk is bounded in the Lp-norm and \diver\vectorwk is controlled in the Lr-norm. The time derivative of \vectorwk is bounded in both cases in the norm of \Hk−1. The convergence (in the sense of distributions) of \vectorvk\vectorwk to the product \vectorv\vectorw of weak limits of \vectorvk and \vectorwk is shown.
Sağlam (2004) investigates the influence of foreign words on Turkish, presenting the extent of borowings from different source languages, known as the "etymological spectrum". The spectrum is considered to be the result of a diversification process. The present paper demonstrates that the etymological spectrum of Turkish abides by a general model that Altmann (1993) deduced for any linguistic rank orders.
In a recent paper (Diversity in Monoids, Czech. Math. J. 62 (2012), 795–809), the last two authors introduced and developed the monoid invariant “diversity” and related properties “homogeneity” and “strong homogeneity”. We investigate these properties within the context of inside factorial monoids, in which the diversity of an element counts the number of its different almost primary components. Inside factorial monoids are characterized via diversity and strong homogeneity. A new invariant complementary to diversity, height, is introduced. These two invariants are connected with the well-known invariant of elasticity.