Onemocnění lidským papilomavirem (HPV) patří mezi jednu z nejběžnějších sexuálně přenosných infekcí a HPV působí spektrum nemocí, od genitálních bradavic ke karcinomům. Důležitým cílem očkovacích programů v mnoha zemích je snížení incidence karcinomu děložního hrdla použitím kvadrivalentní (Silgard/Gardasil) nebo bivalentní (Cervarix) HPV (human papillomavirus) vakcíny. Randomizované kontrolované studie prokazují robustní protilátkovou odpověď a vysokou účinnost HPV vakcinace také u mužů. V roce 2009 Úřad pro kontrolu potravin a léčiv (FDA) v USA schválil kvadrivalentní HPV vakcínu u mužů k prevenci anální prekancerózy a karcinomu. Podrobné finanční modely, které předcházely tomuto rozhodnutí, ukázaly, že pokud se do modelů zahrne výskyt onemocnění u mužů, záleží na ceně vakcíny, pokrytí očkované populace a dalších faktorech, zda HPV vakcinace mužů může být finančně efektivní. V každém případě cílená vakcinační strategie zvláště pro muže, kteří mají sex s muži, by měla podstatné benefity., The disease of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections and HPV causes a spectrum of diseases, ranging from genital warts to cancer. The important goal of immunization programs in many countries is the reduction of the incidence of cervical cancer using either the quadrivalent (Silgard/Gardasil) or the bivalent (Cervarix) HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine. Randomized controlled trials demonstrate robust antibody responses and high efficacy also in men. In 2009 the Food and Drug Administration in the USA approved the quadrivalent HPV vaccine for young men to prevent anal precancerosis and cancer. Detailed cost effective modeling has preceded this decision showing that when the burden of disease in men is included in the models then, depending upon vaccine price, coverage of a vaccinated population, and other factors male vaccination can become cost effective. In any case, a targeted vaccination strategy especially for men who have sex with men would have substantial benefits., Borek Sehnal, Jiří Sláma, and Literatura
Many aspects of surgical treatment of intestinal malrotation in children remain to be debatable. In the opinion of the majority of the specialists, surgical treatment is required after the diagnosis taking into account serious complications of intestinal malrotation. Purpose. The purpose of this research was to conduct an analysis of surgical tactics and operative treatment method for isolated and associated intestinal malrotations in children. Material and methods. We observed 123 children at the age of one day to 15 years with malrotation during the period of 2002 to 2013. Results. We presented the data from observing 123 children at the age of one day to 15 years with various clinical-anatomic forms of intestinal malrotation over from 2002 to 2013. In 62 patients (50.4%), the evidences of the high intestinal obstruction were prevalent, while 61 (49.6%) showed signs of low intestinal obstruction. 116 patients (94,3%) were given operative intervention: radical – 95(81,9%) and palliative – 21 (18,1%). In 56 % of the cases, various simultaneous surgeries were required. There are proposed differential approaches in relation to anatomic form of malrotation and possibility of the fixation of large intestine in the physiological position. Conclusion. The results obtained from the operative treatment are presented. The lethal outcomes could be reduced from 54.7%, among the patients being observed from 2002 to 2010, to 16,7% in patients being operated during 2011 to 2013., Nasriddin Shamsiddinovich Ergashev, Jamoliddin Bahronovich Sattarov, and Literatura