The study deals with the fates of monastery of Nepomuk (Pomuk) in exile in the time of Hussite wars. The core is compresed of an analysis of newly found sources, particularly the accounts of the court of the Ebrach Abbey in Nuremburg. Here, the exiles had part of their financial reserves deposited, acquired from the sale and pledge of valuables and books of their cloister. On blank folios of the accounts, there are drafts of letters by the administrator of the court, Hermann of Kottenheim, for the Nepomuk exiles. The mentioned sources deliver a detailed testimony on the as yet unknown place of their residence, the composition, functioning, and financing of the Nepomuk exile monastery. It was also possible to correct the idea that the Nepomuk monks set out for their maternal abbey of Ebrach immediately after the Hussite wars broke out. The core of the monastery resided at the economic court in Weinzierl bei Krems and was finally disbanded only after 1430 when the exiles ran out of finances., Ondřej Vodička., and Obsahuje literaturu a odkazy pod čarou
During the reign of the empress Maria Theresa and in particular of her successor Joseph II, the Habsburg monarchy went through substantial changes. The state took control of parts of public life which had until then been independent. Besides arts, which started to be controlled through the state academy, architecture became the centre of attention. Architecture regulated by state was supposed to observe the so called architectura civilis (Bürgerliche Baukunst) the principles of which had been formulated by German and Austrian theoreticians and mathematicians in the second half of the 18 century. The main features typical for the architectura civilis were simplicity, practicality and economy, which suited the enlightened state. Architects and engineers with profound theoretical knowledge who were able to respond to a wide spectrum of assignments became important for the intentions of the state. Designers who did not make part of the guild structure and who had such wide competences that they could design architecture normally designed by engineers - fortifications, roads, and bridges were considered as ideal. This study focuses on the professional bibliography of two significant engineers working in the service of the estates and the state in Moravia at the last years of 18 century Johann Anton Krzoupal von Grünnenberg, and first Director of the Provincial Building Directorates in Brno Karl Jacobi von Eckholm., Michal Konečný., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The aim of the article is to characterise for the first time ever the role of book culture in building the confessionality of post-Hussite society and subsequent generations. For such an extensive research goal, it was necessary to choose a broad interdisciplinary approach, making it possible to place social phenomena previously assessed in isolation into the context of the day. The individual passages of the article are therefore devoted to editorial models, to the archaeology of the printed text and the basics of reading, to the history of illustration and book printing, to language and bookbinding. It has been confirmed that book culture - created by the reception of manuscript and printed products - can be understood as a faithful mirror of a religiously pluralistic society. However, where modern historiography ends with the research of confessionality, the study of book culture may begin to reveal the much more general mechanisms of the individual and social mentality in which the religious-political process took place. The mentality of the readers (burghers and partly the lesser aristocracy) for whom the copied and printed books were intended, was negatively impacted by the remnants of Hussitism and by contemporary Utraquism, which coexisted in a dualistic symbiosis with minority Catholicism. These influences, which at the time were commonly referred to as “renaissance”, bound readers to the Middle Ages. The more massive growth of their intellectual potential was made possible only by the cultural restart brought about by the change in the political situation after the Schmalkaldic War of 1547, which met with a somewhat negative response in both earlier and modern historiography. However, through the study of book culture, we are becoming convinced that the bourgeoisie began to compensate for the privileges which the monarch had deprived them of through various forms of self-education and self-presentation, by means of which it revived itself from these medieval residuals and at the same time competed with the aristocracy., Petr Voit., Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy, and Stuart Roberts [překladatel]
Tato esejisticky laděná stať je přepracovanou a rozšířenou verzí textu, který pod názvem „Communism in Eastern Europe“ vyšel v Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism (ed. S. A. Smith. Oxford, Oxford University Press 2014, s. 203-221). Autor zde nabízí syntetický historický pohled na fenomén východoevropského komunismu. Region východní Evropy je charakterizován na základě několika společných znaků a v podstatě geograficky odpovídá vymezení „vnějšího sovětského impéria“ (včetně Jugoslávie a Albánie). Nad pojmem komunismu a jeho alternativami se autor zamýšlí jako nad označením pro režimy a společnosti, které v této oblasti existovaly od brzkých poválečných let do roku 1990. Autor přitom pléduje pro takové pojetí komunismu, které by bralo v úvahu jeho vícevrstvou povahu, zahrnující tři jeho hlavní součásti: ideologii s nárokem na „vědecký“ výklad světa, dále politické, sociální a kulturní masové hnutí a konečně systém panství zajišťovaný sovětskou nadvládou a obecně označovaný jako „státní socialismus“., Komunistické systémy ve východní Evropě podle jeho přesvědčení trpěly určitými „základními rozpory“, vyvěrajícími z národních a regionálních specifik, které nakonec podmínily jeho zánik, avšak paradoxně zároveň pomáhaly udržovat tento systém při životě. Jedná se o konflikt mezi marxistickou třídní ideologií a politikou národní identity, o sociální podmíněnost moci, o interakci mezi hospodářskou politikou a spotřebním chováním společnosti a o napětí mezi ideologickou normou a kritickou funkcí umění. Celkový pohled na proměny těchto čtyř „základních rozporů“ komunismu od počátku komunistického hnutí či komunistických režimů do jejich zhroucení, jímž se autor pokouší zpochybnit povrchní protiklad mezi vnitřními a vnějšími faktory jejich vývoje, tvoří vlastní obsah této statě. V interpretaci dynamiky vztahu třídy a národa dospívá autor k závěru, že tyto principy dokázaly v komunismu dlouhodobě kohabitovat, jakkoli šlo o soužití velmi problematické, jež nakonec vyústilo v porážku „internacionalismu“ a třídního vědomí., Pokud jde o poměr moci a společnosti, hlásí se autor k novějším přístupům sociální historie, které oproti teorii totalitarismu zpochybnily příkrý protiklad mezi oběma kategoriemi a které socialistickou diktaturu chápou jako produkt sociální interakce mezi vládnoucími a ovládanými. Ve vzájemném napětí mezi výrobou a spotřebou se podle autora postupně zformovala specifická socialistická konzumní kultura, o níž je obtížné rozhodnout, zda komunistickou vládu spíše podpírala, anebo naopak přispívala k jejímu pozvolnému rozkladu. V rovině střetu mezi ideologií a kulturou formuluje autor tezi o přechodu od „programatické“ k „procesuální“ utopii, když umění poststalinské doby opustilo velké ideály budování dokonalé společnosti a nahradilo je ideologicky neokázalým zobrazováním každodenního života s vírou v lepší svět. V závěru statě autor vyjadřuje přesvědčení o nezbytnosti historizace východoevropského komunismu, jejímž předpokladem je, že se tento fenomén přestane vykládat jako odchylka nebo deformace na cestě evropské moderny, a o potřebě komparativního zkoumání státního socialismu, kapitalismu nebo postkolonialismu jako sociálně-politických systémů této moderny., This is a revised and expanded version of the essay ‘Communism in Eastern Europe’, which was published in S. A. Smith, ed., The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism, Oxford: OUP, 2014, pp. 203–21. Here, the author offers a comprehensive historical view of the phenomenon of ‘East European Communism’. The region of eastern Europe is characterized here on the basis of a few shared features and in essence corresponds geographically to the delimitation of the ‘outer Soviet Empire’ (including Albania and Yugoslavia). The author discusses the concept of Communism and its alternatives as a name for the regime and the society that existed in this region from the early post-war years until 1990. He pleads for a conception of Communism which would take into account its multilayered nature, comprising three main parts: an ideology with a claim to be a ‘scientifi c’ interpretation of the world, a political, social, and cultural mass movement, and lastly, a system of rule ensured by Soviet domination and often called ‘State Socialism’. Communist systems in eastern Europe, he argues, suffered from ‘fundamental contradictions’, stemming from special national and regional features, which eventually determined its demise, but, paradoxically, also helped to keep the system alive., Here was a confl ict between Marxist class ideology and political national identity, the social determination of power, the interaction between economic policy and the consumer behaviour of society, and the tension between the ideological norm and the critical function of art. The overall view of the transformations of these four fundamental contradictions of Communism from the beginning of the Communist movement and the Communist régimes to their collapse, with which the author seeks to cast doubt on the superfi cial contradiction between internal and external factors of their development, creates the main content of the essay. In his interpretation of the dynamics of the relationship between class and nation the author concludes that these principles were able to coexist in Communism for a long time, although it was a highly problematic coexistence and one that ultimately led to the defeat of ‘internationalism’ and of class consciousness. Concerning the relationship between power and society, the author advocates the most recent approaches of social history which, unlike the theory of totalitarianism, cast doubt on the sharp contrast between the two categories and see the Socialist dictatorship as a product of social interaction between rulers and ruled., The special socialist consumer culture was, the author argues, gradually formed in the mutual tension between production and consumption. It is hard to say whether this culture tended to support the Communist government or, rather, contributed to its gradual decay. At the level of the clash between ideology and culture, the author formulates an argument about a transition from ‘programmatic’ to ‘processual’ utopia, when the art of the post-Stalinist years abandoned the great ideals of building a perfect society and substituted for them an ideologically discreet depiction of everyday life with faith in a better world. In the conclusion of the essay, the author expresses his conviction about the need to historicize East European Communism, a prerequisite of which is that this phenomenon cease to be interpreted as a deviation or deformation of European modernism, and about the need for comparative research on State Socialism, capitalism, and post-colonialism as socio-political systems of this modernism., and Pavel Kolář.
Snad každý, kdo se vypraví do zemí jihovýchodní a východní Asie nebo sleduje cestopisné pořady v televizi, se setká s množstvím buddhistických památek, mezi nimiž dominují zpravidla sochy sedících, stojících či ležících Buddhů. Co však tato zobrazení vlastně znamenají, k čemu odkazují a kde vůbec vznikla jejich první podoba? Článek se pokusí odpovědět na některé z těchto otázek a na příkladu čtyř důležitých motivů z gandhárského sochařství ukáže, jak vypadala nejranější zobrazení scén ze života Buddhy a co se z nich můžeme dozvědět., The article concerns the iconography of early Buddhist art. It focuses on four of the most important events in Siddhartha Gautama's life, the Great departure, the Enlightenment, the First sermon, and Mahaparinirvana, as portrayed on the Gandharan reliefs. The typers of representation of the Buddha and Bodhisattva in the anthropomorphous form, which had developed in the region of ancient Gandhara during the reign of the Kushanas, influenced Buddhist art in other Asian countries., Kateřina Svobodová., and Obsahuje bibliografii