Academic excellence is allegedly a universal and gender neutral standard of merit. This article examines exactly what is constructed as academic excellence at the micro-level, how evaluators operationalize this construct in the criteria they apply in academic evaluation, and how gender inequalities are imbued in the construction and evaluation of excellence. We challenge the view that the academic world is governed by the normative principle of meritocracy in its allocation of rewards and resources. Based on an empirical study of professorial appointments in the Netherlands, we argue that academic excellence is an evasive social construct that is inherently gendered. We show how gender is practiced in the evaluation of professorial candidates, resulting in disadvantages for women and privileges for men that accumulate to produce substantial inequalities in the construction of excellence., Marieke van den Brink, Yvonne Benschop., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article is based on research conducted with young children, and uses methods of data collection that are suitable and appropriate for children (focus groups, writing, and drawing). Theoretically grounded in a child-perspective research, we intend to contribute to the debate on the transition of gender order in the Czech environment. The text focuses particularly on the issue of gender roles both in the family of participating children and in their projections of roles of individual family members. An analysis of children’ views shows that they identify with the gender categories of “men” and “women” and construct these categories as opposite and firmly bounded. Despite the awareness of conflicts and problems that the unequal distribution of domestic tasks can bring, children mostly support the traditional division of roles and refer to them as normal, natural and corresponding to the physical characteristics of men and women. On the other hand, egalitarian attitudes (the view of division of roles as not depending on gender) are expressed by some children, more often by children from the urban school than from the village school., Lenka Slepičková, Michaela Kvapilová Bartošová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by protists (apicomplexans) of the genus Eimeria Schneider, 1875 and is considered to be the most important disease faced by rabbit breeders due to its high morbidity. In the present study, the antioxidant status and changes in apoptosis and in the expression of some genes were quantified in rabbits' ilea following infection with Eimeria intestinalis Cheissin, 1948. Rabbits, orally infected with 1 × 105 sporulated oocysts of E. intestinalis, started to shed oocysts in their faeces on 8 days post infection (dpi) and reached maximum excretion on 10 dpi, with approximately 5 million oocysts. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in the live body weight of infected rabbits. Also, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were significantly increased while catalase and glutathione were significantly decreased in the ileum tissues of the infected rabbits. In addition, a significant increase was observed in the percentages of apoptotic cells in the ilea of the infected rabbits. Furthermore, interleukin-1β and interleukin-2 mRNA levels were significantly down-regulated and mRNA levels of interleukin-6, interferon gamma and inducible nitric oxide synthase were significantly up-regulated, while those of C-reactive protein remained unchanged. We conclude that infection with E. intestinalis induces oxidative stress, a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells and a diverse and robust Th1 and Th1-related cytokine response in the ileum tissues., Heba M. Abdel-Haleem, Shawky M. Aboelhadid, Thabet Sakran, Gamal El-Shahawy, Huda El-Fayoumi, Saleh Al-Quraishy, Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Vysoké harmonické frekvencie optických frekvencií umožňujú generáciu attosekundových extrémnych UV pulzov a sledovanie ultrarýchlych procesov priamo v čase. V tomto článku si stručne popíšeme proces generácie vysokých harmonických frekvencií a ich zaujímavé vlastnosti. Ďalej uvedieme príklad využitia vysokých harmonických frekvencií k štúdiu dynamiky protónov v molekulách H2 a D2 na subfemtosekundovej škále., High-order harmonics of optical frequencies can be used to generate attosecond extreme ultra-violet pulses and to capture ultra-fast processes directly in time. We briefly describe the process of high harmonic generation and summarize interesting properties of high harmonics. We also present an example of exploitation of high harmonics to study proton dynamics in H2 and D2 molecules on a sub-femtosecond time scale., Eva Skopalová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We derive two identities for multiple basic hyper-geometric series associated with the unitary U(n+1) group. In order to get the two identities, we first present two known q-exponential operator identities which were established in our earlier paper. From the two identities and combining them with the two U(n + 1) q-Chu-Vandermonde summations established by Milne, we arrive at our results. Using the identities obtained in this paper, we give two interesting identities involving binomial coefficients. In addition, we also derive two nontrivial summation equations from the two multiple extensions., Jian-Ping Fang., and Obsahuje seznam literatury