One of the chapters of the synthese „The folk song, music and dance in the Czech culture“, prepared by the employees of the Department of Ethnomusicology, of Ethnological Institute of Czech Academy of Sciences, will be dedicated to the Urban (folk) song in the historical ad social cultural context. The present study tries to formulate a summary of theoretical information as a methodological and terminological point of departure for a further research, a summary based on the sematic analysis of the individual components of the term „urban folk song“ and on the previous fundamental editions and monographies. The author proves that the inomissible part of the so called national treasure of songs has its roots exactly in the urban folk song, he reflects on the purpose of the contemporary investigation in this field and on the problem of the very existence of the urban folk song as a recent type. He points out the difficulties brought on by the attempts of the systematization in this sphere, he analyses various classification criteria and recommends their combination with the so called phenomenons (market song, party song etc.) In conclusion, he recapitulates briefly the hitherto produced bibliography in this field.
The professional structure of the Romani ethnics developed in an uneven pace and in a regressive way. The traditional blacksmiths, horse-dealers, musicians or artists were outweighed by wage-workers , home-producers and unproductive persons with illegal sources of income. Because of this the experiences and usages passed over from one generation to another were disappearing. The only thing left was the coarse work force and even this was possible to be used casually and in season. Outside the summer months members of some families had to complement their incomes by begging, petty thefts and other forms of sponging.
We have been witnesses of the revival of various moral, cultural and religious differences among people based on a concrete description of activities of a Czech gravedigger. In the recently launched standardization of particular qualifications of a gravedigger and in the manner of verification of his/her professional competence, the author, who is personally involved in this process, looks for the assumptions for establishing a cemetery open for all nationalities where religion and culture could co-exist. The text introduces both the historical (diachronic) interpretation of the position of a gravedigger as well as its socio-cultural (synchronic) delimitation. The author attempts to incorporate all objectively existing elements into the requirements laid upon professional competences of a gravedigger. Especially globalization, migration and recovery of local communities on the religious and ethnic basis belong among them.
The process of political socialization, as shown by numerous findings, is characterised as the transmission of political action and behaviour through the generations. In connection with the political changes the Czech Republic experienced since 1945, not only the prospect of generational continuity but also discontinuity come into consideration. The article deals with the influence of parents and other socialization factors on political self-identification in the Czech population. It focuses mainly on the major age groups: young people up to the age of 29, the younger middle generation of 30-44 years, the older middle generation of 45-59 years and individuals aged 60 years or older, and their parents. The starting point of the considerations is the theory of social change and the interconnection of political socialization on the micro and macro levels. The paper analyses the circumstances of socialization and its effects on political orientation in a representative sample of Czech population (N = 522). The basis for determining the impact of socialization was set as the intensity of interest in political events together with the main resources affecting political orientation such as self-education and reading, followed by parental influence. The ratio of father’s and mother’s communist orientation plus their interest in politics accounted for the other socialization factors. Political background of the respondents was compared with their self-identification on the left-right political scale. Correlation analysis helped highlight the significance of father’s influence, rather than mother’s, in the process of political socialization. It also showed an overall negative impact of parental political discussion on the formation of left-right orientation. ANOVA analysis demonstrated a strong relationship between socio-occupational status and political inclusion. This inclusion effect was more frequent among left-wing labourers and pensioners and right-wing entrepreneurs, tradesmen, students and apprentices. Not only social background but also age signalled significant differences in opinions. The youngest generation as a whole relates to the right wing of the political spectrum. At the same time, the generation of 60+ is inclined to the left of the centre. As a matter of fact, this group, more than other age groups, is interested in political events and is deeply involved in political discussions. The young generation manifests itself in both directions. Parents’ political socialization actions towards their children induced agreement with parental political orientation only to a lesser extent. The study also dealt with two influences, sometimes mutually supportive and other times competing, namely parental socialization influence, political and economic conditions. Attitudes to social and political situation differed between age groups. The influence of society- -level circumstances is more significant than that of parental political socialization. It was possible to observe political continuity between the generations of 60+, or even their parents, and the older middle generation aged 45-59. When there is mostly continuity between them and their children then discontinuity tends to arise between them and their parents. The distribution of political orientation reveals a dynamic field. Attitudes to changes in society vary between generations as well. During the shaping of political orientation, the influence of social and political conditions is more decisive than political action, no matter how good its intentions are. This confirms the concept of political socialization as a way in which individual socialization interacts with one’ssocial position due to various social factors., Ján Mišovíč., and Obsahuje použitou literaturu
Studie se zabývá provedením části Bachovy Mše h moll v širších dobových v souvislostech a věnuje se rovněž obecným snahám o udržení polyfonie a kvalitní kirchenmusik v první polovině 19. století., Tanja Kovačević., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglický abstrakt na s. 319