Hexamerins are hemocyanin-related haemolymph proteins that are widespread in insects and may accumulate to extraordinarily high concentrations in larval stages. Hexamerins were originally described as storage proteins that provide amino acids and energy for non-feeding periods. However, in recent years other specific functions like cuticle formation, transport of hormones and other organic compounds, or humoral immune defense have been proposed. During evolution, hexamerins diversified according to the divergence of the insect orders. Within the orders, there is a notable structural diversification of these proteins, which probably reflects specific functions. In this paper, the different possible roles of the hexamerins are reviewed and discussed in the context of hexamerin phylogeny., Thorsten Burmester, and Lit
We prove L2-maximal regularity of the linear non-autonomous evolutionary Cauchy problem \dot u(t) + A(t)u(t) = f(t){\text{ for a}}{\text{.e}}{\text{. }}t \in \left[ {0,T} \right],{\text{ }}u(0) = {u_0}, where the operator A(t) arises from a time depending sesquilinear form a(t, ·, ·) on a Hilbert space H with constant domain V. We prove the maximal regularity in H when these forms are time Lipschitz continuous. We proceed by approximating the problem using the frozen coefficient method developed by El-Mennaoui, Keyantuo, Laasri (2011), El-Mennaoui, Laasri (2013), and Laasri (2012). As a consequence, we obtain an invariance criterion for convex and closed sets of H., Ahmed Sani, Hafida Laasri., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Výzkumná zpráva podrobně shrnuje výsledky české části mezinárodního projektu ESPAD realizovaného v r. 2007. Hlavním cílem této zprávy bylo podat přehled o situaci v České republice, pokud jde o rozsah kouření, pití alkoholu a užívání nelegálních drog v populaci dospívající mládeže a porovnat ji se situací v ostatních evropských zemích. V roce 2007 se do čtvrté vlny (první vlna 1995) projektu ESPAD, [autoři Ladislav Csémy, Pavla Chomynová, Petr Sadílek], and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article lays out Jonathan Israel’s central ideas on the European Enlightenment, as they have been developed in his Radical Enlightenment (2001), Enlightenment Contested (2006) and A Revolution of the Mind (2009). I explain his ‘controversialist method’ of intellectual history and point out the advantages and faults of this approach. Israel’s model of the heterogeneous Enlightenment is shown as a response to A. MacIntyre’s postmodern criticism, and to the older models of a ‘single Enlightenment’, as presented by P. Gay, or older models of multiple enlightenments, as presented by J. G. Pocock. However, Israel’s heterogeneous Enlightenment recognizes just one progenitor of the positive ‘modern values’, which is identified with the Radical wing. The article reviews Israel’ s narrative of the development and spread of the Radical Enlightenment in Europe and the struggles with the Enlightenment mainstream and within the Enlightenment mainstream. However, I also show some faults in Israel’s argument, mainly his view of the ‘secular morality’, which should have been the outcome of the Radical Enlightenment’s campaign. In conclusion, I point at the inconsistency of Israel’s reconstruction of the Enlightenment morals and the differences between his view and J. Schneewind’s interpretation., Ivo Cerman., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Russian electrodynamic seismometer named S-5-S is adaptable for measurement of rotational ground motion. In this paper brief information about mentioned adaptation is presented. Initial results from experimental m easurement in Karviná region in 2011 with high mining induced seismicity are documented. Measured values for the horizontal component reached up to 1 mrad s-1 , while the seismic energy of these events did not exceed the value of 10 5 J and hypocentral distances were within 2 km., Zdeněk Kaláb and Jaromír Knejzlík., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Obesity is often associated with metabolic impairments in peripheral tissues. Evidence suggests an excess of free fatty acids (FFA) as one factor linking obesity and related pathological conditions and the impact of FFA overload on skeletal muscle metabolism is described herein. Obesity is associated with dysfunctional adipose tissue unable to buffer the flux of dietary lipids. Resulting increased levels and fluxes of plasma FFA lead to ectopic lipid deposition and lipotoxicity. FFA accumulated in skeletal muscle are associated with insulin resistance and overall cellular dysfunction. Mechanisms supposed to be involved in these conditions include the Randle cycle, intracellular accumulation of lipid metabolites, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction or mitochondrial stress. These mechanisms are described and discussed in the view of current experimental evidence with an emphasis on conflicting theories of decreased vs. increased mitochondrial fat oxidation associated with lipid overload. Since different types of FFA may induce diverse metabolic responses in skeletal muscle cells, this review also focuses on cellular mechanisms underlying the different action of saturated and unsaturated FFA., J. Tumova, M. Andel, J. Trnka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The aim of this study was to determine whether excessive oxygen uptake (V.o2) occurs not only during exercise but also during recovery after heavy exercise. After previous exercise at zero watts for 4 min, the main exercise was performed for 10 min. Then recovery exercise at zero watts was performed for 10 min. The main exercises were moderate and heavy exercises at exercise intensities of 40 % and 70 % of peak V.o2, respectively. V.o2 kinetics above zero watts was obtained by subtracting V.o2 at zero watts of previous exercise (ΔV.o2). ΔV.o2 in moderate exercise was multiplied by the ratio of power output performed in moderate and heavy exercises so as to estimate the ΔV.o2 applicable to heavy exercise. The difference between ΔV.o2 in heavy exercise and ΔV.o2 estimated from the value of moderate exercise was obtained. The obtained V.o2 was defined as excessive V.o2. The time constant of excessive V.o2 during exercise (1.88±0.70 min) was significantly shorter than that during recovery (9.61±6.92 min). Thus, there was excessive V.o2 during recovery from heavy exercise, suggesting that O2/ATP ratio becomes high after a time delay in heavy exercise and the high ratio continues until recovery., T. Zano, T. Yunoki, R. Matsuura, T. Arimitsu, T. Kimura., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Pregnant rats were exposed to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (at a simulated altitude of 7000 m or 5000 m) and the excitability of cortical neurons of their pups was tested. Stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex of rats prenatally exposed to hypoxia shortened the duration of cortical afterdischarges in 12-day-old rats, but did not change the excitability in 25-day-old animals. Shortening of the first afterdischarge in 35-day-old rats but the prolongation of the first afterdischarge in adult rats (as compared to the duration of cortical afterdischarges in rats not exposed to prenatal hypoxia) were registered. The possible mechanisms of different excitability of cortical neurons in rats prenatally exposed to hypobaric hypoxia are discussed., D. Marešová, I. Valkounová, K. Jandová, J. Bortelová, S. Trojan., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) display considerable phenotype plasticity which can be studied in vivo on vascular remodeling which occurs during acute or chronic vascular injury. In differentiated cells, which represent contractile phenotype, there are characteristic rapid transient changes of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), while the resting cytosolic [Ca2+]i concentration is low. It is mainly caused by two components of the Ca2+ signaling pathways: Ca2+ entry via L-type voltagedependent Ca2+ channels and dynamic involvement of intracellular stores. Proliferative VSMC phenotype is characterized by long-lasting [Ca2+]i oscillations accompanied by sustained elevation of basal [Ca2+]i. During the switch from contractile to proliferative phenotype there is a general transition from voltagedependent Ca2+ entry to voltage-independent Ca2+ entry into the cell. These changes are due to the altered gene expression which is dependent on specific transcription factors activated by various stimuli. It is an open question whether abnormal VSMC phenotype reported in rats with genetic hypertension (such as spontaneously hypertensive rats) might be partially caused by a shift from contractile to proliferative VSMC phenotype., E. Misárková, M. Behuliak, M. Bencze, J. Zicha., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The effects of Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin were studied on the cell membrane potential and cellular cation composition in Retzius nerve cells of the leech Haemopis sanguisuga, with ion-selective microelectrodes using liquid ion-exchangers. Bath application of 10-4 mol/l Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin for 3 min depolarized the cell membrane potential and decreased the input resistance of directly polarized membrane in Retzius neurons. At the same time the cellular Na+ activity increased and cellular K+ activity decreased with slow but complete recovery, while the intracellular Ca2+ concentration was not changed. Na+-free Ringer solutions inhibited the depolarizing effect of the neurotoxin on the cell membrane potential. Zero-Ca2+ Ringer solution or Ni2+-Ringer solution had no influence on the depolarizing effect of the neurotoxin on the cell membrane potential. It is obvious that the increase in membrane conductance and depolarization of the cell membrane potential are due to an influx of Na+ into the cell accompanied by an efflux of K+ from the cell., D. Cemerikić, V. Nedeljkov, S. Lopičić, S. Dragović, B. Beleslin., and Obsahuje bibliografii