Varikokéla je nejčastější chirurgicky ovlivnitelná příčina mužské infertility. Dilatované a varikózně změněné žíly plexus pampiniformis testis vytváří varikokélu. Regurgitace krve při insuficienci chlopní vnitřních spermatických žil způsobuje poškození testikulární funkce zvýšením intraskrotální teploty. Autoři sledují efekt a dopad mikrochirurgické operace varikokély na spermiogram, Varicocele is the most common cause of male infertility, which can be repaired surgically. Dilated and varicose changes of the venous pampiniform plexus of the testis cause varicocele. Valvular insufficiency of the spermatic veins allows regurgitation of blood which causes damage to the testicular function by increasing the intrascrotal temperature. The authors observe the effect and significance of microsurgical varicocelectomy on spermiogram., and Nussir M., Pacík D., Čermák A.
Úvod: Zlomeniny proximálneho humeru predstavujú asi 4−5 % zo všetkých zlomenín. Terapia dislokovaných 3- a 4-časťových zlomenín je náročná a optimálna liečebná metóda je diskutabilná. Cieľom práce bolo porovnanie operačnej a neoperačnej terapie 3- a 4-časťových zlomenín proximálneho humeru u dospelých pacientov. Metoda: Od septembra 2010 do septembra 2013 sme na II. Ortopedicko-traumatologickej klinike Univerzitnej nemocnice Bratislava prospektívne vyhodnocovali operačnú verzus neoperačnú liečbu 3- a 4-časťových zlomenín proximálneho humeru. Pacienti zaradení do štúdie boli dospelí pacienti s 3- a 4-časťovými zlomeninami proximálneho humeru typu Neer IV, V a VI. V operačnej skupine bolo spolu 20 pacientov liečených pomocou uhlovo-stabilných dláh (Philos, Synthes) a intramedulárnych klincov (Multilock, Synthes). Skupinu tvorilo 13 žien (65 %) a 7 mužov (35 %). Priemerný vek bol 60,9?7,67 (52–80) rokov. Konzervatívna skupina obsahovala 19 pacientov. Dvanásť žien (63,2 %) a sedem mužov (36,8 %). Priemerný vek bol 65,1?9,4 (52−88) rokov. Poranená končatina sa fixovala použitím Gilchristovej bandáže na maximálne 3 týždne. Všetci pacienti boli hodnotení po 12 mesiacoch použitím skórovacieho systému podľa Constant- Murleyho a Oxford Shoulder Score. Druhotne boli hodnotené komplikácie liečby. Výsledky: Relatívne individuálne Constant-Murley Score v celej skupine liečenej operačne bolo priemerne 57,8?23,5 % (11−88 %). Oxford Shoulder Score priemerne 34,8?10,6 (10−46) bodov. Komplikácie boli zaznamenané u 12 pacientov (60 %). V skupine konzervatívnej bolo relatívne individuálne Constant-Murley Score po12 mesiacoch po úraze priemerne 60,9?20,9 % (16−90 %). Oxford Shoulder Score bolo priemerne 36,1?8,9 (15−48) bodov. Komplikácie boli prítomné u 4 pacientov (21,1 %). Záver: V tejto štúdii dislokovaných 3- a 4-časťových zlomenín proximálneho humeru bola operačná skupina pacientov, liečená zväčša použitím uhlovo-stabilných dláh, spojená so značným počtom komplikácií. Horšie funkčné výsledky operačnej skupiny boli porovnateľné s výsledkami skupiny neoperačnej. Pre dosiahnutie lepších výsledkov by sa starostlivo mala posudzovať indikácia operácie, výber pacienta, metóda operácie, operačné skúsenosti ako aj následná rehabilitácia. Kľúčové slová: zlomenina proximálneho humeru − operačná liečba − konzervatívna liečba − 3- a 4-časťové zlomeniny, Introduction: Proximal humerus fractures account for about 4−5% of all fractures. Treatment of 3- and 4-part fractures is difficult, and the optimal treatment option remains controversial. The aim of the study was to compare surgical and non-surgical treatments of 3- and 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus in adults. Method: A prospective study of surgical and non-surgical treatments of 3- and 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus was conducted at the 2nd Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Bratislava, from September 2010 until September 2013. Patients included in the study were compliant adults patients with 3- and 4-part proximal humerus fractures Neer type IV, V and VI. Twenty patients were treated surgically. The group included 13 women (65%) and 7 men (35%). Mean age was 60.9?7.67 (52–80) years. Angle-stable plates (Philos, Synthes) and intramedullary nails (Multilock, Synthes) were used. The non-surgical group included 19 patients, consisting of 12 (63.2%) women and 7 (36.8%) men. Mean age of both sexes was 66.3?9.5 (52−88) years. Gilchrist bandage was applied for the maximum of 3 weeks. All patients were evaluated at 12 months from treatment using the Constant-Murley scoring system and the Oxford Shoulder Score. Treatment complications were evaluated as a secondary step. Results: The mean individual relative Constant-Murley score was 57.8?23.5% (11−88%) in the surgical group. The mean Oxford Shoulder score was 34.8?10.6 (10−46) points. Complications were recorded in 12 patients (60%). In the non-surgical group, the mean individual relative Constant-Murley score at 12 months from injury was 60.9?20.9% (16−90%). The mean Oxford Shoulder score was 36.1?8.9 (15−48) points. Complications were recorded in 4 patients (21.1%). Conclusions: In this study, surgical treatment patients with displaced 3- and 4-part proximal humerus fractures, mostly treated by angle-stable plates, showed a number of complications. Poor functional results of the surgical group were comparable to those of the non-surgical group. The indication for surgery, patient selection, type of surgery, surgical experience and subsequent rehabilitation should be carefully assessed for better results. Key words: proximal humerus fracture − surgical treatment − non-surgical treatment − 3- and 4-part fractures, and M. Kilian, R. Zamborský, I. Chandoga, M. Budaj, S. Vajczikova
b1_Large number of extracellular signals is received by plasma membrane receptors which, upon activation, transduce information into the target cell interior via trimeric G-proteins (GPCRs) and induce activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase enzyme activity (AC). Receptors for opioid drugs such as morphine ( μ-OR, δ-OR and κ-OR) belong to rhodopsin family of GPCRs. Our recent results indicated a specific up-regulation of AC I (8-fold) and AC II (2.5-fold) in plasma membranes (PM) isolated from rat brain cortex exposed to increasing doses of morphine (10-50 mg/kg) for 10 days. Increase of ACI and ACII represented the specific effect as the amount of ACIII-ACIX, prototypical PM marker Na, K-ATPase and trimeric G-protein α and β subunits was unchanged. The up-regulation of ACI and ACII faded away after 20 days since the last dose of morphine. Proteomic analysis of these PM indicated that the brain cortex of morphine-treated animals cannot be regarded as being adapted to this drug because significant up-regulation of proteins functionally related to oxidativ e stress and alteration of brain energy metabolism occurred. The number of δ-OR was increased 2-fold and their sensitivity to monovalent cations was altered. Characterization of δ-OR-G-protein coupling in model HEK293 cell line indicated high ability of lithium to support affinity of δ-OR response to agonist stimulation. Our studies of PM structure and function in context with desensitization of GPCRs action were extended by data indicating part icipation of cholesterol-enriched membrane domains in agonist-specific internalization of δ-OR. In HEK293 cells stably expressing δ-OR-G i 1 α fusion protein, depletion of PM cholesterol was associated with the decrease in affinity of G-protein response to agonist stimulation, whereas maximum response was unchanged., b2_drophobic interior of isolated PM became more “fluid”, chaotically organized and accessible to water molecules. Validity of this conclusion was supported by the analysis of an immediate PM environment of cholesterol molecules in living δ -OR-G i 1 α-HEK293 cells by fluorescent probes 22- and 25-NBD-cholesterol. The alteration of plasma membrane structure by cholesterol depletion made the membrane more hydrated. Unders tanding of the positive and negative feedback regulatory loops among different OR-initiated signaling cascades (μ-, δ -, and κ-OR) is crucial for understanding of the long-term mechanisms of drug addiction as the decrease in functional activity of μ-OR may be compensated by increase of δ-OR and/or κ-OR signaling., H. Ujčíková ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Damage induced in DNA by numerous chemical and physical factors as well as spontaneously formed imperfections in DNA structure pose a threat to all organisms. To counteract this threat, living cells have evolved a series of DNA repair pathways to correct DNA lesions affecting base pairings or the structure of DNA. Today we understand, in a large part, the molecular mechanisms of these pathways in detail due to the pioneering studies by Tomas LIndahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar, which opened up this field of research. Tomas Lindahl discovered the molecular machinery of base excision repair - the main cell defence against endogeneous DNA damage. Aziz Sancar characterised, at the molecular level, details of the mechanisms of nucleotide excision repair - the major repair system of DNA damage caused by environmental factors such as UV-irradiation and various genotoxic chemicals including chemotherapeutic agents. Paul Modrich uncovered a mismatch repair - the way how cells resolve errors which occur during DNA replication. Therefore, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded jointly Lindahl, Modrich, and Sancar the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 for their "Mechanistic studies of DNA repair". In this paper, we briefly summarise the results of their work., Miroslav Piršel., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Genetic factors may contribute to the differential response to opioids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between polymorphisms of μ1-opioid receptor gene OPRM1 (rs1799971), and P-glycoprotein transporter gene ABCB1 (rs1045642, rs2032582), and piritramide efficacy under postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). In 51 patients, OPRM1 variant was associated with decreased efficacy in early postoperative period evidenced by sum of pain intensity difference in the 0-6 h postoperative period (SPID0-6), (F=3.27, p=0.029). Mean (SD) SPID0-6 was observed in the 118AA genotype 22.9 (6.1) mm, which was significantly higher from the 118GG genotype 10.0 (4.4) mm, p=0.006. The lowest cumulative dose was recorded in 118AA genotype 19.1 (9.8) mg, which was significantly less than in the 118GG genotype group 36.6 (6.1) mg, p=0.017. Opioid-induced adverse effects were observed in 11, 30, and 100 % of patients in 118AA, 118AG, and 118GG genotype groups, respectively (p<0.05). Piritramide efficacy and safety was not significantly affected by ABCB1 (rs1045642, rs2032582) polymorphisms. Variant OPRM1 118G allele is associated with decreased acute postoperative pain relief after piritramide. Decreased efficacy leads to higher drug consumption under PCA settings, which however, does not fully compensate insufficient pain relief, but increases incidence of adverse effects., O. Bartošová, O. Polanecký, F. Perlík, S. Adámek, O. Slanař., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Díky optické mikroskopii mohla vzniknout buněčná biologie. Významnou roli hraje tato mikroskopie též v materiálovém výzkumu a dalších vědních oborech, jakož i mnoha praktických činnostech. Od konce 19. století je zásluhou Lorda Rayleigha a Ernsta Abbeho známo, že rozlišovací schopnost standardních optických mikroskopů je rovna zhruba polovině vlnové délky použitého světla. V uplynulém čtvrtstoletí však vzniklo několik převratných metod, které zlepšily rozlišovací schopnost optických mikroskopů natolik, že místo o mikroskopii můžeme dnes již mluvit o nanoskopii., The invention of light microscope belongs to one of the most fundamental contributions ever made to the advancement of biology. This imaging technique played also an important role in material science and other disciplines, as well as in many practical applications. Before the end of the 19th century. Lord Rayleigh and Ernst Abbe recognised that the resolution limit of optical microscopes is about half the wavelength of the light used. In the past two decades, however, several revolutionary methods were established which improved the resolution of optical microscopes to such an extent that, instead of microscopy, we can now talk about optical nanoscopy., Jaromír Plášek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Anywhere and anytime we are surrounded by optical fibers although we cannot see them at the first sight. Optical fibers represent one of the fundaments of advanced communications and their development has been pursued a couple of decades. Charles Kuen Kao has been a leading personality of this development and for his groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication he has been awarded one half of Nobel Prize. The optical fibers, their principles and characteristics are presented in this article., Optická vlákna nás obklopují denně na každém kroku, přitom většinou zůstávají skryta našim očím v bludišti kabelových kanálů a sítí. Jsou základním prvkem moderních komunikací a jejich vývoj trval od prvních myšlenek řadu desetiletí. Klíčovou osobností spjatou s tímto vývojem je Charles Kuen Kao, kterému byla za celoživotní dílo a průlomové výsledky v této oblasti udělena Nobelova cena. V tomto díle rubriky "Ve zkratce" se pokusíme vysvětlit základní principy a charakteristiky optických vláken., Ivan Kašík, Pavel Peterka., and Rubrika: Ve zkratce
Bez přenosu informací pomoci optických vláken by nemohl existovat internet v současné podobě. Objem dat přenášených prostřednictvím internetu roste exponenciálně již více než deset let. To vyžaduje rychlý vývoj technologií, které tento růst umožňují. Článek popisuje základní principy přenosu informací pomocí optických vláken a ukazuje hlavní směry, kterými se vývoj v této oblasti ubírá., Fibre optic communication is at the heart of today‘s Internet. the data traffic carried by optical fibres has been growing exponentially for over a decade. this requires new technologies to be developed to cope with such a continuous growth. In this article, basic principles lying behind optical fibre communications are reviewed and the main directions of its development are outlined., Radan Slavík, Jiří Čtyroký., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Na titanovém povrchu tvoří fibrinogen silněji adsorbovanou vrstvu s vyšší hustotou uspořádání v porovnání s porézní a slabě adsorbovanou vrstvou albuminu. Fibrinogen se lépe adsorbuje na povrch titanu upravený leštěním a leptáním nežli na povrch pouze leštěný. K silné adsorpci fibrinogenu dochází na povrchu titanu obohaceném v určitém poměru uhlíkem. Nejlépe se fibrinogen adsorboval na povrchu titanu pokrytém uhlovodíkovou vrstvou se složením Ti0,36 - C0,57 : H0,07 a Ti0,08 - C0,68 : H0,24. Takto upravený povrch titanu by tedy splňoval podmínky pro nejlepší oseointegraci. Adsorpce fibrinogenu na titanovou slitinu Ti6Al4V byla slabá, naopak silná byla na slitině TiNbTa, která má také dobré mechanické vlastnosti, pokud jde o výrobu implantátů. homopyrimidinové oligodeoxynukleotidy (ODN) tvoří na povrchu titanu robustnější vrstvy s vyšší hustotou v porovnání se stejně dlouhými homopurinovými ODN a velice porézními vrstvami dvoušroubovicových fragmentů DNA., Fibrinogen is absorded at the titanium surface more firmly and with higher density contrary to a weakly adsorbed and porous albumin layer. Fibrinogen is better absorbed at the titanium surface treated by polishing and etching than at the surface treated only by polishing. Fibrinogen is strongly adsorbed at the titanium layer enriched by carbon to a certain ratio. The best adsorption of fibrinogen was observed at the titanium surface enriched with carbon at the ratio Ti0,36 - C0,57 : H0,07 a Ti0,08 - C0,68 : H0,24. The titanium surface treated in this way should fulfill the conditions for the best oseointegration. Adsorption of fibrinogen at the titanium alloy T6Al4V was weak contrary to the good adsorption at the TiNbTa alloy, which also has good mechanical properties concerning implant production. Homopyrimidine oligodeosynucleotides (ODN) form at the titanium surface more robust layers with higher density contrary to the homopurine ODN molecules of the same length and very porous layers of double stranded DNA fragments., Vladimír Vetterl, Stanislav Hasoň, Raimo Silvennoinen, Ladislav Cvrček, Luděk Strašák, Lukáš Fojt., and Obsahuje bibliografii