An occurrence of tetra-coordinated aluminum in altered coal and low temperature coal ashes was investigated. As altered coal a sample from the Lazy mine (Upper Silesian Coal Basin) was tested, further, low-temperature ashes from different coals were prepared and measured. During preparation the selected coal samples were intensively air-oxidized; 27Al MAS NMR spectra of obtained ashes were then acquired and compared against those for initial coals. A reference wood ash and Al standards were used for identification of Al-forms. It was found that chemical shift at 4 ppm with coals corresponds to that for triaquo-hydroxo-diphenoxido-aluminum(III) complex (THDA), further, the shift at 72 ppm with altered coal and resulting ashes agrees with that for Al tetra-coordinated with oxygen. So, in the presence of coal organics the tetra-coordinated Al is formed under low temperature conditions, because during low temperature ashing the THDA complex is transformed to Al tetra-coordinated with oxygen only at 350 °C. A similar process occurred in the case of oxidation of coal substance under low temperature conditions in the nature at temperatures below 150 °C., Pavel Straka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article describes attitudes towards death and funeral rites in contemporary Czech society. It begins by revealing the attitudes to death held by the majority of the Czech population - non-believers. The customary secular funeral ceremony, held in a crematorium, is not entirely well suited to meeting the needs of the bereaved, and this is borne out by the fact that about one-third of all cremations are held without a funeral ceremony. The author argues that the current situation is not solely the result of the economic situation of individuals but also stems from the deeply rooted attitudes and values and the approach to religion of the Czech population. The second part of the article is devoted to the attitudes towards death and the funeral rite preferences of believers, based on a survey conducted with members of three religious groups: Roman Catholics, Protestants (Church of the Czech Brethren), and Jehovah's Witnesses. Finally, the author compares the attitudes of the secular majority and believers, and also outlines the connections between conditions today and under the former communist regime regarding the general approach to death and funeral rites.
Národní knihovna ČR Praha CZ 46 C 181 adl. 7, Národní knihovna ČR Praha CZ 65 E 4008, Knihovna Akademie věd ČR Praha CZ TF 347 adl. 20, Knihovna Národního muzea Praha CZ 45 D 43, Královská kanonie premonstrátů na Strahově - Strahovská knihovna Praha CZ BU II 112 adl. 8, In Magno Collegio carolino imprimebat Georgius Labaun., and BCBT40217
[Sv.] 2, Krátké pojednání o bohu, člověku a jeho blahu -- Listy, Benedikt de Spinoza ; z nizozemského jazyka přeložil František Kalda ; z latiny přeložil Josef Hrůša., and KČSN