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5072. Investigation of avian haemosporidian parasites from raptor birds in Turkey, with molecular characterisation and microscopic confirmation
- Creator:
- Ciluglu, Arif, Yildirim, Alparslan, Duzlu, Onder, Onder, Zuhal, Dogan, Zafer, and Inci, Abdullah
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Plasmodium, parazitické organismy, parasitic organisms, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Accipitriformes, Strigiformes, cytochrome b gene, blood parasites, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Avian haemosporidians are common vector-borne blood parasites that have been reported in birds all over the world. Investigations of avian haemosporidian parasites are conducted mainly on passerine birds. However, studies that focus on non-passerine avian hosts are important for our understanding of the true diversity, host specificity and genetic variability among these widespread parasites. In the present study, blood samples from a total of 22 raptor birds belonging to two orders, two families and six species from the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey were investigated for three genera of avian haemosporidians (Plasmodium Marchiafava et Celli, 1885, Haemoproteus Kruse, 1890 and Leucocytozoon Sambon, 1908) using a combination of microscopic examination of blood films and nested PCR targeting the parasite mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt-b). In total, six individual raptor birds identified positive for species of Plasmodium or Leucocytozoon and one individual was found co-infected with all three haemosporidian genera. We identified five parasite cyt-b haplotypes, three of which were reported for the first time. Among these, one Plasmodium haplotype is linked to a corresponding morphospecies (P-TURDUS1, Plasmodium circumflexum Kikuth, 1931). All haplotypes were clearly distinguishable in phylogenetic analyses. As one of the first studies to investigate blood parasites from non-passerine birds in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey, this study provides important new information on the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites from raptor birds. We discuss these findings in the context of avian haemosporidian host-parasite relationships and we draw attention to the need for microscopy to detect parasite sexual development stages in surveys of avian haemosporidians., Arif Ciloglu, Alparslan Yildirim, Onder Duzlu, Zuhal Onder, Zafer Dogan, Abdullah Inci., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5073. Investigation of dose-related effects of carnosine on anxiety with sympathetic skin response and T-maze
- Creator:
- Dolu, Nazan, Acer, Hale, and Kara, Ali Yucel
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, časopisecké články, práce podpořená grantem, and TEXT
- Subject:
- zvířata, úzkost, chování zvířat--účinky léků, karnosin--farmakologie, vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva, galvanická kožní odpověď--účinky léků, mužské pohlaví, krysy, potkani Wistar, and sympatický nervový systém--účinky léků
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Carnosine is a dipeptide formed of the amino acids β-alanine and histidine. Only a limited number of studies have examined the effects of carnosine on sympathetic nerve activation and anxiety. The present study was undertaken to determine the dose-related effects of carnosine on anxiety in the elevated T-maze test (ETM) with electrodermal activity (EDA). Carnosine was injected in three groups of rats with doses of 10 (low dose), 100 (medium dose) and 1000 (high dose) mg/kg i.p. Physiological saline was injected in the sham group. The anxiety scores of the rats were measured with ETM 20 minutes after injection. Then, SCL was measured. The decreased number of entries into the open arm (NEOA), the percentage of time spent in the open arm (% TSOA) and higher EDA [shown by skin conductance level (SCL)] indicate higher anxiety. The NEOA and % TSOA were lower in the high-dose group than in the other groups. SCL was lower in the medium-dose carnosine group than in the high-dose carnosine and sham groups. SCL was higher in the high-dose group than in the medium-dose and sham groups. Our results suggest that high-dose carnosine produced anxiety-like effects as assessed in the SCL and ETM. Medium-dose carnosine acted as an anxiolytic. The anxiety-related responses of carnosine depend on its dose-related effect. and N. Dolu, H. Acer, A. Y. Kara
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5074. Involvement of bone in systemic endocrine regulation
- Creator:
- Ivana Žofková
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- osteocyty, mužské pohlavní ústrojí, osteocytes, male reproduction tract, sclerostin, phosphatonins, FGF23, Klotho α, phosphate homeostasis, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, chronic kidney disease, osteoblasts, osteocalcin, insulin secretion, insulin tissue sensitivity, testosterone expression, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The skeleton shows an unconventional role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the human organism, not only as the target tissue for a number of systemic hormones, but also as endocrine tissue modulating some skeletal and extraskeletal systems. From this point of view, the principal cells in the skeleton are osteocytes. These cells primarily work as mechano-sensors and modulate bone remodeling. Mechanically unloaded osteocytes synthetize sclerostin, the strong inhibitor of bone formation and RANKL, the strong activator of bone resorption. Osteocytes also express hormonally active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and phosphatonins, such as FGF23. Both 1,25(OH)2D and FGF23 have been identified as powerful regulators of the phosphate metabolism, including in chronic kidney disease. Further endocrine cells of the skeleton involved in bone remodeling are osteoblasts. While FGF23 targets the kidney and parathyroid glands to control metabolism of vitamin D and phosphates, osteoblasts express osteocalcin, which through GPRC6A receptors modulates beta cells of the pancreatic islets, muscle, adipose tissue, brain and testes. This article reviews some knowledge concerning the interaction between the bone hormonal network and phosphate or energy homeostasis and/or male reproduction., I. Zofkova., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5075. Involvement of the periaqueductal gray in the descending antinociceptive effect induced by the central nucleus of amygdala
- Creator:
- Bourbia, N. and Pertovaara, A.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fyziologie, physiology, amygdala, descending pain control, mechanical nociception, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, periaqueductal gray, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Here we studied whether descending control of mechanical nociception by glutamate in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of healthy control animals is induced by amygdaloid NMDA receptors and relayed through the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). Mechanical nociception in the hind paws was assessed in rats with chronic guide cannulae for glutamate administration in the right CeA and for inducing local anesthesia in the PAG. In a separate electrophysiological study, ON-like PAG neurons giving an excitatory response to noxious pinch of the tail were recorded in anesthetized rats following glutamate administration into the CeA. A high dose of glutamate (100 μg) in the CeA induced mechanical antinociception in the contra- but not ipsilateral hind limb. Antinociception was prevented by an NMDA receptor antagonist in the CeA or local anesthesia of the PAG. Discharge rate of ON-like PAG neurons was increased by a high dose of glutamate (100 μg) in the CeA and this increase was prevented by an NMDA receptor antagonist in the CeA. The results indicate that amygdaloid NMDA receptors in the CeA may induce contralaterally mechanical antinociception through a circuitry relaying in the PAG. Activation of ON-like PAG neurons is associated with the descending antinociceptive effect. Mechanisms and causality of this association still remain to be studied., N. Bourbia, A. Pertovaara., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5076. Inzulinová analoga u pacientů s diabetem a renální dysfunkcí
- Creator:
- Adamíková, Alena
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, přehledy, and TEXT
- Subject:
- diabetické nefropatie--farmakoterapie--prevence a kontrola, hemodialýza, prospektivní studie, multicentrické studie jako téma, krevní glukosa--analýza--účinky léků, kombinovaná farmakoterapie, inzulin aspart--farmakologie, inzulin--analogy a deriváty--farmakologie--klasifikace, monitorování fyziologických funkcí, hypoglykemie--prevence a kontrola, hemoglobin A glykosylovaný--farmakologie, diabetes mellitus--farmakoterapie, diabetes mellitus 1. typu--farmakoterapie, diabetes mellitus 2. typu--farmakoterapie, renální insuficience--farmakoterapie--prevence a kontrola, klinické zkoušky jako téma, lidé, and výsledek terapie
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Diabetická nefropatie postihuje 20–40 % pacientů s diabetem a je hlavní příčinou selhání ledvin. Diabetici s alterovanou funkcí ledvin mají omezené terapeutické možnosti vzhledem k riziku akumulace perorálních antidiabetik a jejich metabolitů při redukované glomerulární filtraci. Dobrá metabolická kontrola je důležitá v časných fázích nefropatie ke snížení rizika progrese a ve stadiu selhání ledvin redukuje riziko progrese aterosklerózy a zlepšuje životní prognózu. Metabolizmus inzulinu je při renálním selhání změněn, clearance inzulinu je prodloužena a zvyšuje se riziko hypoglykemií. Inzulinová analoga krátkodobě působící mají rychlejší absorpci a dlouhodobě působící nižší riziko hypoglykemií. Mohou tak pozitivně ovlivnit kompenzaci diabetu u pacientů s diabetem a renální dysfunkcí., The main cause of renal failure is diabetic nephropathy which affects 20–40 % of diabetic patients. Diabetics with altered renal function have restricted therapeutic options due to the risk of accumulation of oral antidiabetic drugs and of their metabolites at a reduced glomerular filtration rate. Good metabolic control is very important during the early phases of nephropathy for reducing the risk of progression and in the stage of renal failure reduces the risk of progression of atherosclerosis and improves life prognosis. Metabolism of insulin is changed during renal failure, clearance of insulin is prolonged, the risk of hypoglycemia increases. Short-acting insulin analogues have faster absorption and long-acting analogues have a lower risk of hypoglycemia. Thus they can positively affect glycemic control of patients with diabetes and impaired renal function., and Alena Adamíková
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5077. Inzulinová rezistence – příčiny a možnosti ovlivnění
- Creator:
- Pelikánová, Terezie
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, přehledy, práce podpořená grantem, and TEXT
- Subject:
- lidé, inzulinová rezistence--fyziologie--genetika--imunologie, aktivace enzymů, cytokiny--fyziologie, inzulin--fyziologie--metabolismus, mikro RNA, hyperglykemie--komplikace, oxidační stres, metabolismus lipidů--fyziologie, poruchy metabolismu lipidů, kyseliny mastné--fyziologie--metabolismus, glukosa--fyziologie--metabolismus, inzulinová signalizační kaskáda, and ektopická akumulace tuku
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Inzulinovou rezistenci (IR) definujeme jako stav, při němž normální koncentrace volného plazmatického inzulinu vyvolává sníženou odpověď organizmu. V užším slova smyslu IR chápeme jako poruchu účinku inzulinu v cílové struktuře, která může vzniknout na kterékoli úrovni inzulinové signalizační kaskády. V klinických podmínkách ji obvykle definujeme jako poruchu účinku inzulinu v metabolizmu glukózy, i když platí, že porucha se může se týkat různých účinků inzulinu a různých buněčných struktur. Charakteristickým rysem IR svázané s metabolickým syndromem či diabetem 2. typu je defektní signalizace, která postihuje PI3-kinázovou větev inzulinové signalizační kaskády. Další účinky inzulinu, které závisí na signalizaci vedoucí přes Ras komplex a MAP-kinázu, nemusí být postiženy. Vlivem kompenzatorní hyperinzulinemie mohou být dokonce zvýšeny. Článek shrnuje některé novější poznatky týkající struktury a regulací inzulinové signalizační kaskády a rozebírá vybrané primární a sekundární příčiny IR, které zahrnují faktory genetické a epigenetické, regulační roli mikroRNA a metabolické, humorální a imunologické faktory. Detailní poznání příčin IR nabízí možnosti její racionální léčby. Ta se v současné době opírá o léčbu odstranitelných příčin IR, tj. důslednou kompenzaci diabetu, redukci hmotnosti, režimová opatření (dieta, fyzická aktivita), přehodnocení potřeby léčby kortikoidy, léčbu přidružených onemocnění, a případně podání metforminu či pioglitazonu. Klíčová slova: cytokiny – inzulinová rezistence – inzulinová signalizační kaskáda, Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as a condition where normal plasma free insuconcentrations induce a reduced response of the body. In the narrower sense we understand IR as the impairment of insulin action in the target structure which may arise at any level of the insulin signalling cascade. In the clinical conditions we usually define it as the impairment of insulin action in glucose metabolism, although it is true that the impairment may concern different effects of insulin and different cell structures. The characteristic feature of IR linked to the metabolic syndrome or Type 2 diabetes is defective signalling which affects PI3-kinase branch of insulin signalling cascade. Other insulin actions depending on the signalling through the Ras complex and MAP-kinase, may not be affected. Due to compensatory hyperinsulinemia they may be even increased. The article summarizes some recent findings regarding the structure and regulation of insulin signalling cascade and analyses selected primary and secondary causes of IR which include genetic and epigenetic factors, the microRNA regulation role, metabolic, humoral and immunological factors. The detailed knowledge of the causes of IR opens possibilities of its rational treatment. This is currently based on the treatment of curable causes of IR, i.e. consistent compensation of diabetes, weight reduction, regimen arrangements (diet, physical activity), re-assessment of the need to use corticosteroids in therapy, treatment of coexisting conditions and possibly administration of metformin or pioglitazone. Key words: cytokines – insulin resistance – insulin signalling cascade, and Terezie Pelikánová
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5078. Ioan. Petr. De Lvdewig, Icti, Fridericianae Cancellarii Vita Ivstinianim Atqve Theodorae, Avgvstorvm Nec Non Triboniani Ivrisprvdentiae Ivstinianae Proscenivm. Fide coaeuorum, Latii & Graeciae, scriptorum; numismatum; conciliorum; legum; litterarum; codicillorum; lapidum; picturarum; musiuorum aliorumque monumentorum, Cvm Ad Legvm Et Corporis Ivris Intelligendam Historiam; tum ad noui architectorum apologiam; Dispvlsis Avtorvm, In Vario Scientiarvm Genere, Erroribvs Et Calvmniis
- Creator:
- Johann Peter von Ludewig
- Publisher:
- [s.n.]
- Format:
- print and [2], XII, 752, [36] pp + [4], VII tab. ; 4°
- Type:
- model:monograph and TEXT
- Subject:
- staré tisky, 094, and 12
- Language:
- Latin
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5079. IOANNIS PIERII VALERIANI BELLVNENSIS, HIEROGLYPHICA, SEV DE SACRIS AEGYPTIORVM ALIARVMQVE GENTIVM LITERIS COMMENTARII: ...
- Creator:
- Valeriano, Pierio and Frellon, Paul
- Publisher:
- Frellon, Paul
- Format:
- print and [44], 644, [44] pp ; 6°
- Type:
- model:monograph and TEXT
- Subject:
- století 17., Egypt, symboly, and hieroglyfy
- Language:
- Latin
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
5080. Ire petite fantaisie hongroise
- Creator:
- Bloch, József
- Format:
- Type:
- supplement, model:supplement, and TEXT
- Language:
- French and Hungarian
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public