During the last 12 years, 23 mollusc species were recorded in the Czech Republic for the first time. With the exception of several introduced and invasive species, some of these molluscs are native, rare and even endangered, including Pagodulina pagodula. This rare woodland snail of Alpine origin was found in spring 2012 in the Mutenská obora Nature Reserve, which includes the forested slopes above the Moravská Dyje River in South Moravia. This is another occurrence of the species outside its Alpine range, in addition to one site in Poland, two in Slovakia, and a few sites in Hungary and the Balkan Peninsula. The species was also recorded in the Czech Republic in several interglacial sediments of the Pleistocene and also in one profile of Holocene origin (Atlantic period), not far away from the recent site. and Adam Lacina, Michal Horsák.
The present article aims to resume the present-day state of knowledge and the possibilities for future research of the problem of widows and widowhood in the village society of the Early Modern Era and the first half of the nineteenth century. The text focuses especially in sketching the fields of interest that arise out of the study of widowhood in connection with the discourse of the times, the legislation and the demographic development., Markéta Skořepová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Ernst Mach was already an internationally recognised experimental physicist, when he, after professorships for Mathematics and Physics in Graz and Experimental Physics in Prague, took over the chair for "Philosophy, particularly for the History and Theory of the Inductive Sciences", at the University of Vienna in 1895. This turn from natural sciences to philosophy was really an exception in the academic field. Although he was not a specialist in philosophy his ideas exhibited a remarkable influence. Here is the first part of the author's text, the second, closing part (Mach and Philosophy) will be published in the next issue of this Journal., Friedrich Stadler ; z angličtiny a němčiny přeložil M. Černohorský., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Friedrich Stadler ; z němčiny přeložil M. Černohorský., Obsahuje seznam literatury, and První část tohoto článku vyšla v předchozím 3. čísle tohoto časopisu.
Tématem studie jsou vnitrostranické čistky, která se odehrály v krajských organizacích Komunistické strany Československa v Ostravě a v Českých Budějovicích v roce 1951. Obě čistky autor prezentuje jako nedílnou součást stalinských kampaní a politických procesů, které se na přelomu čtyřicátých a padesátých let minulého století odehrály v komunistickém bloku. Ukazuje přitom, jak se stupňovala argumentační rétorika od kritiky ,,diktátorství'' funkcionářů po jejich obvinění jako ,,spiklenců'' a ,,zrádců'' uvnitř strany. Autor detailně popisuje průběh těchto čistek a změny personálního obsazení vedoucích stranických funkcí v obou krajích a zkoumá přitom, nakolik byly čistky výsledkem tlaku z centra, anebo lokálních konfliktů, a jak se v nich uplatňoval generační faktor. Zjišťuje, že jejich dynamiku určovala jednak činnost Státní bezpečnosti a Komise stranické kontroly, které se snažily odhalit nepřátele v řadách komunistické strany, jednak také aktivita regionálních funkcionářů, kteří se neváhali do čistky zapojit a prosazovat za fasádou ideologické kritiky vlastní mocenské zájmy. Podíl těchto faktorů byl ovšem v obou krajích rozdílný a v Ostravě se na rozdíl od Českých Budějovic odehrála první fáze čistky v přímé režii činitelů z ústředního aparátu KSČ. Studie také konstatuje, že obě vnitrostranické čistky měly znaky generačního konfliktu. Původní krajská vedení KSČ byla tvořena především předválečnými členy strany, kteří se ve velké míře zapojili do protinacistického odboje. V mocenském souboji však tato starší garnitura neobstála a během roku 1951 byla ve vedení krajských organizací KSČ na severní Moravě a v jižních Čechách nahrazena nejmladší generací aparátníků, kteří vstoupili do strany až po roce 1945., The topic of the study are the intra-party purges which took place in the regional organizations of the CPCz in Ostrava and České Budějovice in 1951. The author presents both as an integral part of Stalinist campaigns and political trials that were taking place in countries of the Communist bloc at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s. He shows how the argumentation rhetoric was escalating, starting with criticism of ''dictator-like behavior'' of party officials and ending with their indictment as ''conspirators'' and ''traitors'' within the party. The author describes the purges and changes of persons holding top party positions in both regions, examining whether the purges were a result of pressures from the centre or of local conflicts, and whether a generation factor was reflected in them. He has found out that their dynamism was determined both by activities of the State Security and Commission of Party Control which were trying to identify enemies in the ranks of the CPCz and by activities of regional functionaries who did not hesitate to participate in the purges, promoting their own power interests behind the facade of ideological criticism. However, the proportion of these two factors was different in each region; unlike in České Budějovice, the first stage of the purges in Ostrava was under direct control of members of central bodies of the CPCz. The study also concludes that the two intra-party purges showed signs of a generation conflict. The previous regional party committees consisted mainly of pre-war party members many of whom had been involved in anti-Nazi resistance. However, the older crew lost the battle for power, and during 1951 was replaced in the leadership of the regional party organizations in northern Moravia and southern Bohemia by the youngest generation of apparatchiks who had joined the CPCz only after 1945., Tomáš Hemza., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy