Snad každý, kdo se vypraví do zemí jihovýchodní a východní Asie nebo sleduje cestopisné pořady v televizi, se setká s množstvím buddhistických památek, mezi nimiž dominují zpravidla sochy sedících, stojících či ležících Buddhů. Co však tato zobrazení vlastně znamenají, k čemu odkazují a kde vůbec vznikla jejich první podoba? Článek se pokusí odpovědět na některé z těchto otázek a na příkladu čtyř důležitých motivů z gandhárského sochařství ukáže, jak vypadala nejranější zobrazení scén ze života Buddhy a co se z nich můžeme dozvědět., The article concerns the iconography of early Buddhist art. It focuses on four of the most important events in Siddhartha Gautama's life, the Great departure, the Enlightenment, the First sermon, and Mahaparinirvana, as portrayed on the Gandharan reliefs. The typers of representation of the Buddha and Bodhisattva in the anthropomorphous form, which had developed in the region of ancient Gandhara during the reign of the Kushanas, influenced Buddhist art in other Asian countries., Kateřina Svobodová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Secularism and state policies toward religion represent one of the most important issues in Turkey aver since the establishment of the republic in 1923. This contribution briefly summarizes the interpretation of secularism a la turca under the Kemalist leadership and highlights the significant changes that have happened in this area under the AKP government of Prime Minister Recep Tayip Endogan after 2002. The AKP's attempts to introduce Islam-based morality into public space waswelcomed by various religious communities while diminished pressure from the state authorities allowed religiously oriented Turkish movements to act more freely. With the AKP's consolidation of power, the Hizmet movement of Fethullah Gülen finally forged a closer alliance with Ergodan's government and so became an important source of political and economic support both in Turkey and abroad. THe article also shows that the "moderate" secularism as experienced under the current government relaxed the pressure on vocational schools for imams and preachers and transformed the understanding of the state Sunni-Muslim "Church" organization (Diyanet) in the eyes of former hard-line Islamists. Secular circles, however, reject these developments and new trends as signs of continuous Islamization., Gabriel Pirický., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article reproduces the testimonies of working women, reflecting their lives. It covers the life history of Engelberta L. Pštrossová, clerical worker of Chamber of Commerce and Trade in Prague and Hradec Kárlové from the year 1904 until the beginning of World War II and Olga Nováková, clerical worker in the printing works of A. Haas in Prague in the years 1910-1936. The second part covers the memoirs of several women from blue-collar milieu, devoted to their material contribution to their families., Milada Sekyrková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The paper analyses the everyday life of Křivoklát vassals in the late seventeenth and at the beginning of the eighteenth century. As the primary source the author uses mainly the records of examination of sexual offenders. Tree particular cases are analysed in details with the help of other primary sources in order to discover the patterns of everyday life behavior in the period. The importance of role of honor in the everyday life of early modern people and individuality of decisionmaking of their authorities are the main conclusions of this paper., Josef Vacek., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This review article elucidates and systematises existing research and theories of the de/politicisation of youth music subcultures. It examines the political dimension within the interdisciplinary field of subcultural studies in two main steps. First, it identifies and discusses five key dimensions of researching politicisation: politicisation through style and how style is read and through repressive power, the politicisation of everyday life and internal dynamics, and politicisation in the direction of organised activity. Second, these dimensions are presented and compared in a summarising table from two main perspectives: according to the research focus and according to the dynamics of de/politicisation being observed. The article also briefly outlines several possible directions of future research on the politicisation of youth music subcultures., Bob Kuřík, Ondřej Slačálek, Jan Charvát., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Wedding announcements constitute a specific source for the study of social history. Their beginning can be dated, in the Czech Lands, to the first half of the 19th century. The present study focuses on the analysis of the engaged couples, their origin, social standing, nationality and religion. As a basis for the research served the collection of wedding announcements preserved in the Municipal Museum of Mnichovo Hradiště; specifically analyzed were announcements from the years 1897-1918., Lenka Procházková., and Obsahuje odkazy pod čarou