Kolorektální karcinom (KRK) je druhým nejčastějším maligním onemocněním v zemích Evropské Unie. Jde o genetické onemocnění, při kterém postupnou akumulací změn dochází k nekontrolovatelnému buněčnému růstu. V současné době jsou známy tři cesty kancerogeneze: chromozomální a mikrosatelitová nestabilita a metylace CpG ostrůvků. Většinu KRK (80–85 %) tvoří tzv. sporadická forma (jejímž nejvýznamnějším rizikovým faktorem je věk) a jen 14–19 % vzniká na základě vrozené predispozice. Vzhledem k relativně dlouhému času kancerogeneze KRK je zcela zásadní detekce premaligních lézí cestou screeningu. Mezi základní screeningové metody patří testy na okultní krvácení a kolonoskopie. Kolonoskopické vyšetření je dále využíváno také v dispenzarizaci nemocných s vysokým rizikem KRK a v terapii (odstranění adenomových polypů). Zásadní premisou je však přísná kontrola kvality a to jak na úrovni diagnostické (detekce adenomů, kompletnost vyšetření), tak i terapeutické (prevence komplikací – perforace, krvácení). Lze věřit, že i díky screeningovému programu, který probíhá od roku 2000, je v ČR mortalita na KRK dlouhodobě stabilizovaná. K jejímu snížení je však nutná vyšší účast cílové populace a tedy i intenzivnější zapojení odborné veřejnosti a exekutivy., The therapeutic procedures in colon and rectum Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common malignant disease in the European Union countries. It is a genetic disorder which is characterized by gradual accumulation of changes which lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Currently there are three paths of cancerogenesis known: chromosomal and microsatellite instability and CpG islands methylation. Majority of CRCs (80–85 %) are represented by the sporadic form with the age as the most important risk factor. Only 14–19 % of CRCs rise from inherited predisposition. Due to the relative long time of cancerogenesis, the detection of premalignant lesions by screening is crucial. The basic screening methods are fecal occult blood tests and colonoscopy. Colonoscopy examination is important in surveillance of CRC high risk patients and therapy (adenomatous polyps removal). The strict quality control recommended on diagnostic (adenoma detection rate, complete examinations) and therapeutic (prevention of complications such as perforation and bleeding) level is essential. It can be believed that due to the national CRC screening program (carried out since year 2000), the CRC mortality in the Czech Republic has been stabilized for long time. To its lowering, the highest participation of target population is necessary. It can be achieved by intensive participation of medical specialists and the executive., Štěpán Suchánek, Gabriela Vepřeková, Ondřej Májek, Ladislav Dušek, Miroslav Zavoral, and Lit.: 26
Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to find the association between the factor V Leiden mutation and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This study is an analysis of a prospective observational study of the frequency of placenta-mediated complications of factor V Leiden mutation carriers. We compared pregnancy outcomes of 11 women with a heterozygous form of the factor V Leiden mutation with 41 women of a control group. Results: All pregnancies ended with delivery of a living infant. None of the 52 pregnancies were complicated by venous thromboembolism. There were a few significant differences regarding placenta-mediated complications. The gestational age at delivery showed small significant differences. There was a significant difference in the birth weight deviation in percentage between FVL carriers and controls. The incidence of blood loss exceeding 1000 ml was higher in the control group. Conclusions: Carriership of the factor V Leiden mutation did not affect the incidence of preeclampsia. Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as placental abruption were rare. Eclampsia, intrauterine fetal death and venous thromboembolism did not occur. Our results provide evidence that the maternal heterozygous FVL mutation did not increase the risk of an adverse pregnancy outcome., Ľubica Hammerová, Ján Chabada, Juraj Drobný, Angelika Bátorová, and Literatura 37
Aspergillus sp. are ubiquitous mould infections and in most patients, the source is presumed to be air-borne infections during surgical procedures. Prevention of these infections requires special attention of ventilation systems in operating rooms. Post-operative aspergillosis occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients as well as those who receive corticosteroids temporarily. We report a case of a 71-year-old immunocompromised patient who developed multiple lower limb embolisms due to Aspergillus niger originating from an aortitis of the ascending aorta nine months following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery., S. Oaleed Noordally, Schoeb Sohawon, David De Bels, Ruth Duttmann, Philippe Gottignies, Jacques Devriendt, and Literatura 3