In what way do gender-specific interventions aimed at marginalised men reproduce and transform masculinities, and what kind of masculinity do social professionals, who carry out these projects, work with? This paper analyses how visual materials, spaces and artefacts enable professionals to deal with masculinity and gender-equality issues when working with men whom they assume hold traditional views on masculinity and gender roles. A three-year study of semi-public interventions that worked on individual empowerment, participation and gender equality with marginalised men in the Netherlands revealed that the professionals found it difficult to raise gender-equality issues. In contrast to the other project goals of individual empowerment and participation, gender-equality issues created a discomfort. The authors also discovered that gender equality in most cases was dealt with in more subtle ways than the issues of individual empowerment and participation. In this context, professionals worked with an ideal version of what the ‘new’ masculinity of the participants would look like, which we labelled ‘pacified masculinity’. The paper empirically shows how social professionals benefit from the use of space, images and artefacts to break down rigid gender roles and potentially enable men to construct other versions of masculine identity. Moreover, we argue that visuals and materiality create room for a reflection on the role of men in women’s emancipation., Iris van Huis, Marleen van der Haar., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The article stands as the fourth part of a series about the question answering process during standardized surveys and elaborates the phase of editing the response. Major moments and processes are explained that affect the shape of final answer at this stage and the narrow relationship of these facts to the nature and quality of survey data is pointed out. Step by step those phenomenons like rounding of numerical answers, the effect of answering scales in terms of its range, frequency, polarity or response order are elaborated and facts like response styles, range-frequency effect or positivity bias are mentioned. In the end, the problem of social desirability and its influence onto final answer is addressed, as well as some opportunities of elimination. Described aspects are related mainly to the distinction between factual and attitudinal questions, nonetheless in the course of presentation there are mentioned also particularities of some other question formats., Jak bylo v předchozích částech seriálu několikrát zmíněno, dosažení rozhodnutí ještě není definitivní tečkou za procesem zodpovídání výzkumného dotazu. V poslední fázi kognitivních procesů musí respondenti takto dosaženou odpověď většinou ještě nějakým způsobem upravit. Například je třeba výsledek hledání v paměti a rozhodování přizpůsobit některé z možností, kterou nabízí dotazník, nebo se respondent rozhodne svou výpověď modifikovat k sociálně přijatelnější podobě. Také v této fázi tedy dochází k přímému vlivu kognitivních aspektů na podobu výsledné odpovědi a také zde je tedy vhodné zkoumat, které procesy a faktory mohou odpověď ovlivnit a jaké dopady to může mít na povahu a kvalitu dat získaných v rámci dotazníkového šetření., Jiří Vinopal., and Seznam literatury
The above was the front page slogan under which the periodical Public Opinion appeared in the years 1946 - 1948. Its publisher was the Czechoslovak Institute for Public Opinion Research. The monthly was intended for both the professional as for the general public. It was published with 15 to 34 pages. It contained theoretical and methodological articles by foremost Czech sociologist as well as by international representatives of the field. It contains plentiful information about international cooperation between institutes of public opinion research and about Europe and World conferences of the time. In the section “Research at Home” there appear extended analyses as well as brief reports about current Czech research. The section “Research Abroad” brings manifold research information concerning both various topics and different countries. The last issue of the monthly appeared in January 1948 and the Institute was abolished in 1950. In spite of the complicated political situation, the publishers and authors of the periodical strove to maintain the journal’s profile as a theoretical popularizing periodical in a democratic state., „Fašismus nařizuje - demokracie se ptá“ tento trochu zavádějící název článku čtenáře seznámí s oborovým časopisem Veřejné mínění, který vycházel v letech 1946 - 1948 a jehož motto bylo právě „Fašismus nařizuje - demokracie se ptá“. Jeho vydavatelem byl Československý ústav pro výzkum veřejného mínění, který byl na jaře 1946 zřízen jako oddělení I. odboru ministerstva informací. Významnou roli při vzniku tohoto pracoviště sehrál spisovatel Josef Kopta, který byl v té době přednostou I. odboru ministerstva informací. Byl ostatně autorem motta časopisu [Adamec 1996: 49]. V tomto článku autorka přibližuje komu byl časopis určen, jaká byla jeho obsahová témata nebo jaké výzkumy byly prováděny výzkumným oddělením., Eliška Jungová., and Seznam literatury
Assessment of people’s views with an emphasis on sociological aspects is mainly associated with the tradition of the European public opinion research. American authors introduced empirical and socio-psychological approaches to this eld of study. Hadley Cantril was one of those who pioneered “scienti c” public opinion research inspired by George Gallup. This paper reviews Cantril’s work, recalling some of his most important theoretical and methodological ndings and empirical projects, to conclude that his studies remain a rich source of knowledge for all present-day and future public opinion researchers, Ján Mišovič., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The article focuses on the development of terms which were used in antiquity and Middle Age Europe to denote public opinion ( fama, existimatio, opinio in Ancient Rome, fama publica, communis opinio in the Middle Ages etc.). Particular attention is paid to the distinction made in Roman public life between a fama, which represented common opinion, and a rumor, which meant undervalued and unreliable opinion of the plebs. The medieval term rumor fama, more often fama publica, referred to a local information network or mechanism of collective evaluation of individuals’ esteem. It was also an impor- tant part of court proceedings. Both historic eras were concerned with rumor in today’s sense of the word, which often comprised or underlaid common opinion., Kateřina Soukalová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The South Korean film industry represents a masculine-privileged gender regime that over the last few decades has shown a newfound strength both at home and abroad. However, challenging this masculine privilege are a growing number of important though unheralded female writers-directors operating in both the independent and commercial sectors of the industry. In this article, the authors present a case study that explores the work of five of these female writers-directors within this context. They begin by asking two key questions: can female writers-directors find a voice within the Korean film industry that challenges the traditional gender stereotypes both within the industry and in the wider Korean culture? How can the Korean experience connect to the Western experience? The first methodological step in explicating the case study is to set out a particularly Western theoretical approach that emphasises the idea that masculine privilege exists hegemonically within the so-called ‘hegemony of men’. The authors then go on to highlight specific elements in the work of these female writers-directors that expose aspects of both challenge and constraint within the hegemony of men. They conclude that, although the work of these female writers-directors indeed challenges tradition and gendered stereotypes sustained within the hegemony of men, such challenges represent moments of reformism rather than revolutionary systematic change., Richard Howson, Brian Yecies., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Smoking becames the important and relevant health and social problem in the Czech republic as well as in the world. Tobacco together with alcohol is the first habit forming substance, which the child contacts or which somebody offers to him. The aim of the research is to map the situation of using of legal drugs, tobacco and alcohol, by the children in the basic schools of the region of South Bohemia. The pupils of the 4th- 9 th classes of basic schools of region of South Bohemia of age 10 – 16 years present the basic group. The methods of questionning, technique questionnaire was used for the primary colection of data. More than the tenth of children - 12 % are the regular smokers – they smoke every day. Regular strong smokers, who smoke regularly more than 10 cigarettes a day, present more then 3 %. The most often beginning of the regular (daily) smoking is about 12 and 13 years. Only 16 % adolescents have never drunk the alcohol, less than half of them did not drink it in the last month. Only 57 % of respondents have never been drunken. The biggest popularity of beverages among the teen-agers has traditionally the beer followed wine and then destillates. The biggest experiences with alcohol had got the questionned people until 10 years of age., Tento článek seznamuje čtenáře s výsledky výzkumu, který byl provedený jako školní studie zahrnující populaci nižší věkové kategorie než u dosud provedených školních studií v ČR, a snaží se díky tomu lépe zachytit nástup užívání a zneužívání legálních návykových látek, tabáku a alkoholu. Cílem výzkumu bylo zmapovat situaci v užívání legálních drog, tabáku a alkoholu, u dětí na základních školách Jihočeského kraje. Výzkum se zaměřuje jak na pravidelné uživatele těchto legálních drog, tak na reprezentativní vzorek mladých lidí, kteří jsou potenciálně (a pochopitelně i reálně) ohrožených legálními drogami., Markéta Kastnerová., and Seznam literatury
This article seeks to contribute to the discussion about literary images of fatherhood in contemporary Czech and Polish prose. It focuses on analysing the specific literary spaces that have emerged alongside a new type of literary character, namely, ‘new fathers’, who give up their professional activities to stay home and look after babies. A comparative analysis of two novels - Petr Šabach’s Putování mořského koně (The Pilgrimage of a Sea Horse) and Marek Kochan’s Plac zabaw (The Playground) - presents the similarities in the structures of their literary space and in the way masculinity is contextualised in the space of the playground and the home. The article sets the analysis against the backdrop of social changes affecting parenting and fatherhood in Poland and the Czech Republic in recent decades., Marcin Filipowicz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This article focuses on the topic of men working in feminised jobs and specifically on male teachers in kindergartens, who are in a specific position given that they are relatively few in number. There are several advantages for them in this position: they are accepted with enthusiasm and with expectations of change. This treatment gives them an opportunity to construct their own and relatively ‘elite’ version of masculinity, which is superior just to the femininity of the female teachers, but also to other versions of masculinity. This ‘elite’ version of masculinity is supported by female teachers and it contributes the survival of a dichotomous and hierarchical approach to men and women in kindergartens. The purpose of this article is to identify the main strategies that male teachers use in the construction of their version of masculinity in this feminised environment. The article is based on qualitative research, which included observation in several kindergartens and conducting interviews with male and female teachers in kindergartens., Nina Fárová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The paper focuses on the intergenerational and intragenerational transmission of religion in the Czech Republic. The authors start from the general statement that self-reported religious a liation in Czech society continued to decline during the second half of the 20th century. This trend has usually been explained by secularization theory and by speci cs of Czech social history, especially with regard to the anti-religious policies of the Communist regime. In their analysis of data from ISSP 2008 – Religion, the authors aim at a more detailed inquiry into the factors responsible for the decrease in self-reported religiosity in the Czech Republic. The results show that the key factor lies in de-conversion, which is not compensated su ciently by conversion in either type of transmission, inter- or intragenerational., Antonín Paleček, Roman Vido., and Obsahuje seznam literatury