In May 2010 two important fair trades of metrology were held in the Germany. The 24th fair trade coNTRol was organised in the new exhibition centre in Stuttgart between 4-7 May 2010 and the fair trade SeNSoR + TeST in the Nürnberg fair trade centre between 18-20 May 2010. At least a basic information is provided about both fair trades, metrology development trends, interesting fair goods and exhibiting firms., V květnu 2010 se v Německu konaly dva významné veletrhy se zaměřením na metrologii. Ve dnech 4. - 7. - 5. se uskutečnil na novém výstavišti ve Stuttgartu 24. ročník veletrhu CONTROL a ve dnech 18. - 20. 5. ve veletržním centru v Norimberku veletrh SENSOR + TEST. Uvádíme alespoň základní informace o obou veletrzích, směrech vývoje metrologie, zajímavých exponátech i o jejich vystavovatelích., and obrázky 2 a 3 jsou uvedeny na 3. straně obálky v barevném provedení
The development of engineering metrology is now determined by automotive industry together with its subcontractors. All is submitted to the requirement so that no defective part can come to assembly line. Data documenting a production quality must be archived for a long time. Namely the connection dimensions are monitored very strictly. Present metrology trends in mass production come a couple years before program Industry 4.0 which has natural connection with Quality 4.0. and Rozvoj strojírenské metrologie dnes určuje automobilový průmysl a jeho subdodavatelé. Vše se podřizuje požadavku, že na montážní linku nesmí přijít zmetek. Dlouhodobě archivovány musí být údaje o kvalitě výroby jednotlivých operací. Zvlášť přísně jsou hlídány připojovací rozměry. Dnešní trendy v metrologii pro hromadnou výrobu o několik let předběhly dnes módní program Průmysl 4.0, který má přirozeně přímou vazbu na Kvalitu 4.0.
Autoimmune uveitis is a serious sightthreatening disease that in many cases fails to respond to conventional immunosuppressive or biological therapy. Experimental models used in research allow more detailed study of pathogenesis of the autoimmune process and testing new therapeutic strategies. Recent results show that infection can trigger autoimmune diseases, and some commensal microorganisms are essential in causing disease activity. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of broadspectrum antibiotics – combination of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin or metronidazole alone – on the intensity of intraocular inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). EAU was induced in mouse strain C57BL/6J by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein in complete Freund’s adjuvant and pertussis toxin. The grade of uveitis was assessed clinically and histologically in haematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues. Lymphocytes and macrophages were detected in cryosections using the immunoperoxidase method with antibodies. The therapy was commenced one week before EAU induction and continued throughout the experiment. In addition, metronidazole treatment was also started two weeks before EAU induction. Antibiotics significantly reduced the intensity of uveitis compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The effects of combination of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole and of metronidazole alone were similar when the therapy started one week before EAU induction (P < 0.05). Metronidazole commenced two weeks before EAU induction and throughout the experiment suppressed the intensity of EAU with even higher statistical significance (P < 0.0001). It can be assumed that the high protective effect of metronidazole on EAU intensity may be due not only to its antimicrobial effect, but also to its immunomodulatory activity
The purpose of this essay is to analyse the attitude of one of the most important personalities of the 19th century, Austrian Chancellor Metternich, towards the French adventure in North Africa in the year 1830. Based almost solely on research into unpublished documents housed in the archives in Vienna, Paris, London, Berlin and Munich, the paper claims that Metternich´s attitude towards the French intervention in Algeria had been based, since the very beginning, on the principles that guided his diplomacy in the Near East in general i.e. maintaining the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and the sultan´s sovereignty and his rights. In conclusion, the paper argues that the French expedition in Algeria is not only a textbook example of Mettermich´s realism and pragmatism, but also of his extraordinary forsight.
This paper examines the visual tradition of the court of Udaipur, in Rajasthan (India) during the reign of Maharana Amar Singh II, who ruled over the region of Mewar from 1698 to 1710 AD. This was a period of transition and experimentation from iconographic as well as stylistic perspectives. In tracing the development of Mewari painting during this period, the article analyses the different influences that shaped the emergence of this court tradition while drawing comparisons with Mughal painting. The development of painting in the court of Amar Singh II is examined through historical, stylistic, and thematic lenses. The article first briefly introduces earlier examples of portraiture; it then focuses on some of the paintings in the collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, identifying the evolution of certain key stylistic and thematic characteristics. While comparisons with the Mughal examples highlight the source of the changes in Mewari painting, the paper also emphasises the syncretistic nature of Mewari painting and the experimentation that led to the emergence of a unique approach to court painting under the reign of Maharana Amar Singh II.
In this brief overview, we discuss the diffraction limit of an optical microscope as derived by E. Abbe and the two recent Nobel Prize winning methods which overcame this limit. We also describe the limits of resolution of an electron microscope. The explanation is accompanied by a number of illustrations., Michal Lenc, Tomáš Tyc., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Studie se snaží o vymezení některých nových okruhů a možností, které lze při interpretaci českého renesančního knižního malířství využít. První část studie se soustředí na shrnutí a kritické přehodnocení dosavadní odborné literatury k tématu a na vytyčení klíčových hledisek a metod jednotlivých badatelů, jež ovlivnily jejich přístup k dané problematice. Druhá část příspěvku má za cíl nastínit novou koncepci studia českých renesančních iluminovaných chorálních knih, které vznikaly na objednávku utrakvistických literátských bratrstev (modus legendi). Akcentovaným úhlem pohledu je interpretace této problematiky v širším kulturním a společenském kontextu. Inspiračním pramenem se stal podnětný článek Od středověku k novověku: modi legendi et videndi významného českého historika Františka Šmahela. Ucelenou skupinou iluminovaných hudebních pramenů české renesance se tak lze zabývat ve smyslu formulovaném Františkem Šmahelem, který píše, že v době, kdy byl již téměř celý evropský kontinent plně pod vládou novověkého modu videndi, v zaalpských reformních proudech lze naopak doložit jistý odklon od „oka“ směrem k „uchu“. Vedle výše citované teze jsem se snažila poukázat a naznačit v podobě určitých impulsů, jakým směrem se lze ubírat při interpretaci malířské výzdoby a její ikonografie (recepce protestantské ikonografie, osoba donátora). and This article seeks to define several new themes and possibilities that can be exploited in the interpretation of Bohemian Renaissance book painting. The first part of the study focuses on a summary and critical re-evaluation of the existing literature on the subject and on the identification of the key perspectives and methods that have influenced the way researchers approach the field. The second part of the study outlines a new concept for the understanding of the Bohemian Renaissance illuminated choir books made to order for the Utraquist church music religious confraternities (modus legendi). The angle of vision emphasised is the interpretation of these materials in broader cultural and social context. An article by leading Czech historian František Šmahel From the Medieval to the Modern Age: modi legendi et videndi – has been a source of inspiration in this respect. The complex group of illuminated musical sources of the Bohemian Renaissance may be grasped in a sense formulated by František Šmahel, when he writes that at a time when almost all the European continent was already governed by a modern modus videndi, in Cisalpine reformation movements we can identify, on the contrary, a certain turning away from the ‘eye’ and towards the ‘ear’. In addition to this theory I have tried to outline in the form of certain impulses the direction of possible interpretation of the painted illustration itself and its iconography (the reception of protestant iconography, the person of the donor).