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14432. Mezi dvěma decenálními recesy: k daňové politice Marie Terezie v Čechách v letech 1748-1775
- Creator:
- Lhoták, Jan
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- česká a uherská královna, císařovna, choť Františka Štěpána I., římskoněmeckého císaře, Marie Terezie, 1717-1780, Haugwitz, Bedřich Vilém, 1702-1765, daně, taxation, Čechy (Česko), Bohemia (Czechia), decenální reces, berní zatížení, ten-year compact, tax burden, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- This study examines the taxation policy of Maria Theresa as evidenced by the situation in Bohemia. A fundamental measure that opened the way for subsequent developments was the passing of the ten-year compact (or "Rezess", as it was known), by the Bohemian parliament in 1748. This law guaranteed a fixed total tax contribution (5,488,155 gulders, 58 crowns) in return for a guarantee that the empress would not demand extra levies, even in the event of war. With the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War, however, the situation changed and in 1756 demands were made for exceptional taxes, military recruits, loans to the state budget, etc. Meanwhile the guarantee of a fixed total tax under the ten-year compact continued to apply. The Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763) brought no relief, as Maria Theresa asked parliament to approve not only an extension of the compact for the following military year, but new exceptional taxes and the reimposition of certain existing indirect taxes. These obligations, together with an increased tax burden in rural communities, remained in place until 1775, when a new ten-year compact was negotiated that lasted until 1789., Jan Lhoták., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
14433. Mezi dvěma slunci: Československo ve střetu Moskvy a Pekingu o mezinárodní komunistické hnutí (1953-1962)
- Creator:
- Daniela Kolenovská
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- 1948-1967, 1953-1962, komunistický režim, komunismus, communist regime, communism, Československo, Moskva (Rusko), Peking (Čína), Czechoslovakia, Moscow (Russia), Beijing (China), 8, and 93/94
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- a1_Autorka sleduje vývoj československé pozice v mezinárodním komunistickém hnutí po převzetí mocenského monopolu v zemi Komunistickou stranou Československa a soustředí se přitom na její poměr vůči sovětským a čínským komunistům, reprezentujícím od padesátých let minulého století dvě konkurenční mocenská centra ve světovém komunismu. Konstatuje, že v zahraniční politice Československa komunisté nadřadili internacionální solidaritu dělnictva obhajobě státních zájmů a v souladu s touto ideologickou směrnicí se československé zahraničněpolitické úkoly utvářely primárně podle potřeb sovětské agendy a jí vágně definovaných cílů mezinárodního komunistického hnutí. Praha se stala personálně, informačně i materiálně závislou na Moskvě a pozbyla schopnost postupovat v zahraniční politice nezávisle nejen mimo sovětský blok, ale i uvnitř něj. Mezi své priority zařadila také úsilí o jednotu sovětského spojeneckého systému a nejpozději od roku 1956 pokládala vojenskou intervenci za přiměřený nástroj v případě jejího ohrožení. Srovnávací analýza dokumentů z Archivu Ministerstva zahraničních věcí ČR a materiálů vedení KSČ z Národního archivu pro desetiletí 1953 až 1962 ukazuje, že konkrétní zahraničněpolitický program přecházel do československé politiky cestou mezistranických kontaktů. Sovětští komunisté zaujímali v jejich hierarchii první místo a tato skutečnost nebyla v očích československých komunistů zpochybněna žádným z čínských pokusů alternovat na přelomu padesátých a šedesátých let sovětské metody a plány rozvoje mezinárodního komunistického hnutí., a2_Naopak, na multilaterální jednání desítek komunistických stran v Moskvě v listopadu 1957 a 1960, která čínské námitky diskutovala, přijížděli českoslovenští komunisté předem sovětskými kolegy instruováni a veškeré čínské aktivity z této pozice odmítali, navzdory svému úsilí navázat po roce 1948 s Pekingem přátelské a důvěrné vztahy. V důsledku úzkého propojení československých stranických a státních záležitostí došlo počátkem šedesátých let k rychlému zastavení československo-čínské spolupráce, přičemž Sovětský svaz přislíbil sanovat škody, které tak československému hospodářství vznikly., b1_In this article, the author traces the changes in the Czechoslovak position in the international Communist movement after the Communist Party took power in Czechoslovakia. She concentrates on the Party’s relations with the Soviet and the Chinese Communists, which from the 1950s onwards represented two competing centres of power in world Communism. She argues that in Czechoslovak foreign policy the Communists subordinated the defence of State interests to the international solidarity of the workers, and, in keeping with that ideological guideline, the tasks of Czechoslovak foreign policy were set mainly according to the Soviet agenda and its vaguely defined aims for the international Communist movement. Prague became dependent on Moscow for personnel, information, and material, and lost the ability to act independently in international politics both outside and inside the Soviet bloc. Amongst Prague’s priorities were efforts to achieve the unity of the Soviet system of alliances and, beginning at the latest in 1956, it considered military intervention a suitable instrument in the event of a threat to that system. A comparative analysis of records for the ten years from 1953 to 1962, from the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic and from the Czechoslovak Communist Party leadership, which are deposited in the National Archive, Prague, demonstrate that Czechoslovak foreign policy was actually formed by way of inter-Party contacts. The Soviet Communists were paramount in the hierarchy; in the eyes of the Czechoslovak Communists, the Soviet position remained unchallenged by any Chinese attempts to provide an alternative to Soviet methods and plans to develop the international Communist movement in the late 1950s and early 1960s., b2_Indeed, at multilateral talks amongst dozens of Communist Parties in Moscow in November 1957 and in 1960, where Chinese objections were discussed, Czechoslovak Communists arrived after having been instructed by their Soviet comrades, and from this position they rejected all Chinese activities, despite Czechoslovak efforts to establish friendly and close ties with their Beijing comrades after 1948. As a result of this linking of Czechoslovak Party and State matters, Czechoslovak-Chinese collaboration ceased in the early 1960s, and the Soviet Union promised to compensate for any damages that thus accrued to the Czechoslovak economy., Daniela Kolenovská., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
14434. Mezi dvěma světy
- Creator:
- Šprinclová, Zuzana
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
14435. Mezi fenomenologií a futurismem: meziválečná poetika Romana Jakobsona
- Creator:
- Steiner, Petr
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The current article is based on a chapter from the author’s book Russian Formalism: A Metapoetics(1984). It deals with the poetics of Roman Jakobson formulated during his stay inPrague from 1920 to 1938 and treats this subject from an epistemological perspective outliningthree incompatible scholarly/artistic trends which informed it: Husserlian Phenomenology,Saussurian linguistics and Russian Futurism. From Husserl, Jakobson borrowed the conceptof “expression” (Ausdruck) – the sign whose self‑samenesswas absolute. But he departedfrom the German philosopher by conceiving of this semiotic identity in terms of a Saussurean“social consciousness.” And he further relativized it through the modernist notion of “de‑familiarization”– an incessant drive of poetic signs for an aesthetic rejuvenation. To mitigatethe tension between Phenomenological stability and Futurist instability, the essay concludes,Jakobson grounded his poetics in phonology: the sound system universal to all languages thatis impervious to any violations.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
14436. Mezi gens a regnum. Církev a její role na pomezí krize tradiční společnosti a vznikem raně středověkého státu
- Creator:
- Drška, Václav
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Middle Ages, early medieval, tribal society, crisis, early medieval state, Frankish empire, The Přemyslid state, Gregory of Tours, and Cosmas of Prague
- Language:
- Czech, English, and German
- Description:
- The article continues the ongoing debate about a “pre-state” tribal society and the nature of its transformation into an early medieval “state” (regnum). The methodological approach is to understand this transformation as an institutional crisis within the tribal society. The opportunities to detect the key moments of this process are tested on the narrative strategies of medieval chroniclers based on the expectation that creating Christian monarchic power took place under the control of the church that tried to influence its form to correspond to the characteristics of the given patrician tradition. It also benefits from the reality that the authors of these texts were clergymen for whom this idea was natural. Using comparative examination, it seeks out typical testimonies that can be considered traditional locations of literary memory of communication between the sovereign and the tribe. In this way, the study attempts to define the basic strategy the sovereign employed to subjugate “their” people within the framework of Christian ethical discourse.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
14437. Mezi historií a zeměpisem: Tomáš Pešina z Čechorodu: Prodromus Moravographiae, to jest Předchůdce Moravopisu
- Creator:
- Malura, Jan
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
14438. Mezi hudbou a slovem. Mezi tajemstvím a tichem: Eufemias Mysterion pro soprán a komorní orchestr na řecká slova op. 50 Miloslava Kabeláče
- Creator:
- Kordík, Pavel and Horníčková, Kateřina
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The article analyses Miloslav Kabeláč’s op. 50 (1965), the first of the series of his most mature works In some way, words play an essential role in all these works by introducing great humanistic and philosophical subjects. Words represent substance sui generis, and enter the composition as an autonomous form (contact with such substance matures the long thought compositional concepts, together with Kabeláč’s tectonically combinatory thinking). The analysis of op. 50 focuses in detail on the key relationship between music and words. It seems that the space, in which both components meet is in the form of a litany. In its juxtaposition with bi-polar format conception (based on two contrasting sound platforms – drama and reconciliation), and with regards to the title of the composition Eufemias Mysterion (The Mystery of Silence), it could be seen as a specific type of expression, a ritual and an initiation of space.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
14439. Mezi imanencí a náhodou. Příspěvek českého strukturalismu ke koncepci historiografie
- Creator:
- Kubíček, Tomáš
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
14440. Mezi Itálií, Čechami a Uhrami. Iluminované rukopisy ze severní Itálie z pohledu panovnické reprezentace, stylu a umělecké výměny ve dvorském prostředí
- Creator:
- Toth, Barbora
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- illuminated manuscripts, Bologna, Nekcsei Bible, Anjou Legendary, Paris fragment of the Latin translation of the Dalimil Chronicle, and Lando di Antonio
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- This article focuses upon the expansion of Italianism into Central Europe in the 14th century in lluminated manuscripts. It deals with selected manscripts of what are known as the Nekcsei Bible, the Anjou Legendary and the Paris fragment of the Latin translation of the Dalimil Chronicle. These illuminated manuscripts are similar in that they may all have been imported to Central Europe from Italy (Bologna) and the possibility arises that their production for the Central European region could somehow have been coordinated. Whereas in the case of the Hungarian orders the clients most probably referred to a single illuminators´ workshop. In the case of the Paris fragment there is only an indirect association with this workshop.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public