Studie představuje příspěvek k poznání procesu výroby cínového bronzu v době bronzové na základě výpovědi kovových slitků. Jedná se o doklady metalurgické aktivity jak ve formě materiálových polotovarů/ingotů, tak odpadu vznikajícím při výrobní činnosti. Kovové slitky se vyskytují po většinu doby bronzové v různých kontextech. Mají rozmanitou povahu, funkci a původ. Kromě materiálových analýz nebyla dosud slitkům původem z Čech věnována komplexní systematická pozornost, a to zejména z hlediska jejich podrobné deskripce a z ní vyplývajících dat k posouzení druhu produktů. Výzkum se zaměřil na studium formálních vlastností slitků, kategorií hutnických a slévačských produktů v rámci operačního řetězce metalurgie bronzu a vzorců organizačního a technologického zacházení v rámci různého prostoru a času. Využity a komparovány byly jak klasické archeologické metody dokumentace, tak přírodovědné analytické metody. and The study contributes to knowledge of the Bronze Age tin bronze production process based on the testimony of metal raw materials. This concerns evidence of metallurgical activities both in the form of semi-finished products/ingots and waste generated during production activities. Metal raw materials of a diverse nature, function and provenance occur in various contexts throughout most of the Bronze Age. Besides material analyses, metal raw materials originating in Bohemia have not yet received comprehensive systematic attention, especially in terms of their detailed description and the resulting data to assess types of products. The research focused on a study of the formal properties of metal raw materials, categories of smelting and casting products within the operational chain of bronze metallurgy and patterns of organisational and technological treatment in various space and time contexts. Both classical archaeological methods of documentation and scientific analytical methods were used and compared.
Studie otevírá diskusi s názory o původu a vývojových proměnách keramiky vytáčené kompletně na hrnčířském kruhu a opatřené pásovou výzdobou. Tato keramická třída byla používána v raném středověku (po dobu asi jednoho století) komunitami žijícími na jihu Velkopolska a v severovýchodní části Dolního Slezska. Dosavadní představy naznačující úzký vztah s obdobně zdobenou keramikou produkovanou v severních částech Čech jsou přehodnoceny s poukazem na vnitřní rozmanitost celé keramické třídy. Inspirační zdroje nepřicházely pouze z jihu (tj. z Čech), ale také ze severu (Pomořansko) a ze západu (oblast středního toku Labe). V rámci tohoto druhu keramiky lze pozorovat proměny, které se v produkci malých lokálních komunit objevují nezávisle na vnějších impulsech. and The article underlines the need to re-discuss the prevailing views in archaeological literature on the provenance and transformation stages of completely wheel-turned ceramics decorated with zoned ornament. This class of ceramics was used in the Early Middle Ages (for about 100 years) by communities living in the area of southern Greater Poland and the north-eastern part of Lower Silesia. The previous ideas suggesting a close relationship between zoned ceramics and vessels produced in northern Bohemia are reconsidered, with the internal diversity of zoned ceramics being pointed out. We argue that inspiration in ceramics manufacturing came not only from the south (Bohemia), but also from the north (Pomerania) and the west (the middle Elbe region), and that there were also changes that appeared independently of these impulses in the ceramics production of small, native communities.
The Patent of Toleration of the year 1781 cleared the way for activities of two Protestant churches in the Habsburg Monarchy. In the two borderland regions chosen for analysis - the regions of Děčín and Šluknov - the Protestant inhabitants were affected by the religious influences from Saxony that acquired various forms. From the period before the year 1620 there was, exceptionally, preserved the Lutheran religion, whose followers visited churches on the Saxon side of the border. Also, the regions were continuously settled by Saxon immigrants who were not organized within the structures of the Augsburg confession. Only after the commencement of industrialization and the subsequent wave of Saxon immigration was made possible the establishment of independent Protestant choirs. Absolutely exceptional was the Lutheran choir of Saxon officials in Podmokly that was founded after railroad had been finished in 1851. Already before the year 1850 the mission of the renewed Unity of Brethren from Herrnhut instigated the popular religious movement. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century, religious propaganda of the movement „Away from Rome“ (Los von Rom), in many cases supported from Saxony, found response in these regions. The typology of religious influences from Saxony and their manifestations on the Bohemian side of the border, established on the basis of the examples of Děčín and Šluknov regions, could be used for the nineteenth century also for other borderland regions inhabited predominantly by German-speaking population.
This article evaluates once more the historiographic and literary images of John of Bohemia and his son Charles IV in Italian texts from the 14th and early 15th centuries. What we find is a peculiar mixture of criticism and apotheosis, sometimes stated by the same authors, depending on the point in time they were writing, and of course the expectations of their potential readers. While John of Bohemia faced overwhelming expectations from Dante after the death of his father, he was branded a naïve yet greedy papal mercenary from the beginning of his Italian Expedition in the early 1330s. His son was more successful in avoiding negative stereotypes and harsh criticisms during his Italian expeditions in his youth, as well as in 1354/55 and 1368/69. In the end, however, even chroniclers that are traditionally considered to have had a positive view of the Luxemburg king and emperor harshly rejected his political actions in Italy. Most of the time, this is connected with the financial interests all foreign monarchs had when establishing temporary rulerships in Italian cities, and the monetary pressures this bore on their citizens; the worn-out cliché, both of contemporaries and historical researchers, that labelled foreign, Central European monarchs as barbaric intruders, could hardly be confirmed. Charles and his father are blamed for being unable to solve the structural problems of Italian and Imperial politics.