There were several different roles that women at city, town and market village fairs of Moravia and Silesia played. Most of them were buyers - entire social and professional groups can be identified among them. Traditionally their task was to purchase products necessary for trouble-free running of household: food, the household equipment (mostly used in the kitchen), but also textiles and garments. This rule worked similarly on the other side - in the role of woman as a seller. Here we must differentiate between two groups of market women. The first of them were non-professional housewives (selling dairy products, eggs, mushrooms, herbs, small animals) for whom selling was an occasional business (seasonal or additional way of acquiring certain sums of money).
The other group included professional traders who went to the market regularly and it became their main livelihood. The types of goods offered by countrywomen corresponded to standard running of farmstead and to home production. Professional market women enriched this range of products. However, farm products and
groceries dominated what they offered. At the beginning, women did not take part in selling other goods, they usually held the role of assistants, or they used to stand in for the male participants of markets on a short-term basis. The number of women, sometimes even running their own business, started increasing only at the end of 19th century.
Otázka přetrvávajícího nepoměrnéého zastoupení žen v matematice, fyzice a technických vědách je zajímavá vědecky i společensky. Dávno pryč je doba, kdy bylo nutno probojovávat vůbec samotnou příležitost žen v přírodních a exaktních vědách působit. Připomeňme si zde tyto zašlé časy textem profesora Augusta Seydlera, otištěným v Květech roku 1883. and August Seydler.
Statistická data pro období 1953-1975 dokumentují nevyrovnané postavení žen a mužů v československé vědě. Muži získávali hodnosti kandidát věd a doktor věd mnohem častěji, z celkového počtu hodností kandidáta věd obdržely ženy ve sledovaném období 12,3%, z celkového počtu hodností doktor věd 2,2%. Ženy nacházely uplatnění nejčastěji v přírodních vědách (biologie, lékařské vědy, chemie). Alena Lengerová (1924-1979) byla významnou vědeckou pracovnicí, její výzkumné výsledky byly oceňovány doma i v zahraničí. V Ústavu experimentální biologie a genetiky SAV se specializovala především na imunologii a molekulární biologii. Napsala četné studie a články (více ne 100), v 60. letech 20. století přednášela na univerzitách ve Spojených státech amerických a byla členkou řady mezinárodních vědeckých institucí. Jako uznávaná odbornice byla zvána na kongresy a sympozia věnované imunologii a genetice po celém světě a na její práce se často odvolávají různé vědecké publikace. and The statistical data of time period 1953-1975 document the uneven position women and men in in scientific positions in Czechoslovakia. Men gained candidacy positions and PhDs most often, women only obtained 12,3% of candidacy positions and 2, 2% PhDs in this period. Women found employment most often in the natural sciences (biology, medical science, chemistry). Alena Lengerova (1924-1979) was an important researcher, whose research was appreciated at home and abroad. She primarily worked in immunology and molecular biology at the Institute of Experimental Biology and Genetics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. She wrote numerous essays and articles (more than 100), gave the lectures at universities in United States of America in the sixties and was a member of many international scientific institutions. As a respected expert in her branch, she was invited to congress and symposiums dealing with immulogy and genetics all over the word and her works were referenced frequently in various publications. (Translated by Marie Bahenská.)