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722. Je číslo vlastnost vnějších věcí?: Mill - Frege - Kessler

Creator:
Sousedík, Prokop and Svoboda, David
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Frege, Kessler, Mill, number, property, and relation
Language:
Slovak
Description:
In this paper we deal with the problem, whether number is a property of external things. It is divided into three parts. Firstly Mill’s empiristic concept of natural numbers is summarized, then Frege’s arguments against this conception are put forth and finally viewpoints of some contemporary analytical philosophers (first of all G. Kessler), who reject Frege’s critique, are set out. Kessler and his followers in fact revive the abandoned theory of Mill., V tomto článku se zabýváme problémem, zda je číslo majetkem vnějších věcí. Je rozdělena do tří částí. Nejprve je shrnut Millmův empirický koncept přirozených čísel, pak jsou uvedeny Fregeovy argumenty proti tomuto pojetí a nakonec jsou vytyčena stanoviska některých současných analytických filozofů (především G. Kesslera), kteří Fregeovu kritiku odmítají. Kessler a jeho následovníci ve skutečnosti oživují opuštěnou teorii mlýna., and Prokop Sousedík ; David Svoboda
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

723. Je formální logika vědou o rozumných argumentech?

Creator:
Nevrkla, Svatopluk
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
formal logic, informal logic, argumentation, defeasible arguments, and logical entailment
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The goal of this article is to explore the ways in which logic can contribute to study of rational argumentation. Basic concepts of valid, sound and rational argument are introduced. The concept of logical entailment is presented and its fundamental properties, i.e., necessity and formality, are explained. It is argued that these are essential properties of the entailment relation in all modern logical systems. It is mentioned that conclusions of most everyday’s arguments are not entailed by their premises. This objection against identifying rational arguments with sound ones is even strengthened by presenting defeasible arguments, which cannot even be turned into valid ones with true premises by adding additional premises. Systems for describing defeasible argumentation are mentioned, but it is argued that they are neither formal logical systems in the discussed sense, nor they can provide exhaustive description of rational argumentation. Such an exhaustive account is impossible and defeasible logics merely present a partial tool for bridg-ing formal and informal logic and theirs accounts of argumentation., Cílem tohoto článku je prozkoumat způsoby, kterými logika může přispět ke studiu racionální argumentace. Jsou zavedeny základní pojmy platné, zdravé a racionální argumentace. Je představen koncept logického zapracování a vysvětleny jeho základní vlastnosti, tj. Nezbytnost a formálnost. To je argumentoval, že tito jsou základní vlastnosti vztahu entailment ve všech moderních logických systémech. Uvádí se, že závěry většiny každodenních argumentů nejsou jejich provozovnami. Tato námitka proti identifikaci racionálních argumentů se zdravými argumenty je ještě posílena prezentací chybných argumentů, které se nedají proměnit v platné s pravdivými prostory přidáním dalších prostor. Jsou zmíněny systémy pro popis chybné argumentace, ale to je argumentoval, že oni nejsou ani formální logické systémy v diskutovaném smyslu, ani oni mohou poskytovat vyčerpávající popis racionální argumentace. Takový vyčerpávající výklad je nemožné a logické logiky jsou pouze částečným nástrojem pro překlenutí formální a neformální logiky a jejich argumentace o argumentaci., and Svatopluk Nevrkla
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

726. John Searle’s theory of sign

Creator:
Gvoždiak, Vít
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
arbitrariness, intentionality, Peirce Charles S., representation, de Saussure Ferdinand, Searle John, semiotics, sign function, svévole, úmyslnost, zastoupení, sémiotika, and signální funkce
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The article attempts to link John Searle’s philosophy and the area that is traditionally called semiotics, to bridge these domains and to demonstrate that they do relate to a shared bunch of problems. A brief discussion about the basic semiotic terms suggests that Searle’s philosophy offers an explanatory framework to key semiotic questions, namely the differentiation of non-signs and signs, the place of intentionality in semiotic description, and the nature of sign correlations. As a consequence, Searle’s theory can be called communication-oriented semiotics, which in the light of classical concepts developed by Peirce and de Saussure can be seen as a non-trivial contribution to the semiotic research., Článek se pokouší spojit filozofii Johna Searla a oblast, která se tradičně nazývá sémiotika, překlenout tyto oblasti a prokázat, že se týkají sdílené skupiny problémů. Stručná diskuse o základních sémiotických termínech naznačuje, že Searleova filosofie nabízí vysvětlující rámec pro klíčové sémiotické otázky, jmenovitě diferenciaci znaků a znaků, místa úmyslu v sémiotickém popisu a povahy korelace znaků. Jako důsledek, Searleova teorie může být nazývána komunikací-orientovaná sémiotika, který ve světle klasických pojetí vyvinutých Peirce a de Saussure může být viděn jako non-triviální příspěvek k sémiotickému výzkumu., and Vít Gvoždiak
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

728. Joint modeling of flood peak discharges, volume and duration: a case study of the Danube River in Bratislava

Creator:
Bačová Mitková, Veronika and Halmová, Dana
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
the Danube River, joint distribution, copula functions, peak flow, volume and duration of the wave, and multivariate frequency analysis
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The study is focused on the analysis and statistical evaluation of the joint probability of the occurrence of hydrological variables such as peak discharge (Q), volume (V) and duration (t). In our case study, we focus on the bivariate statistical analysis of these hydrological variables of the Danube River in Bratislava gauging station, during the period of 1876-2013. The study presents the methodology of the bivariate statistical analysis, choice of appropriate marginal distributions and appropriate copula functions in representing the joint distribution. Finally, the joint return periods and conditional return periods for some hydrological pairs (Q-V, V-t, Q-t) were calculated. The approach using copulas can reproduce a wide range of correlation (nonlinear) frequently observed in hydrology. Results of this study provide comprehensive information about flood where a devastating effect may be increased in the case where its three basic components (or at least two of them) Q, V and t have the same significance.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

729. Joint modelling of flood peaks and volumes: a copula application for the Danube River

Creator:
Papaioannou, George, Kohnová, Silvia, Bacigál, Tomáš, Szolgay, Ján, Hlavčová, Kamila, and Loukas, Athanasios
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
bivariate frequency analysis, copulas, dependence of flood peaks and volumes, Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient, and Danube River
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Flood frequency analysis is usually performed as a univariate analysis of flood peaks using a suitable theoretical probability distribution of the annual maximum flood peaks or peak over threshold values. However, other flood attributes, such as flood volume and duration, are necessary for the design of hydrotechnical projects, too. In this study, the suitability of various copula families for a bivariate analysis of peak discharges and flood volumes has been tested. Streamflow data from selected gauging stations along the whole Danube River have been used. Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient (tau) quantifies the dependence between flood peak discharge and flood volume settings. The methodology is applied to two different data samples: 1) annual maximum flood (AMF) peaks combined with annual maximum flow volumes of fixed durations at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 60 days, respectively (which can be regarded as a regime analysis of the dependence between the extremes of both variables in a given year), and 2) annual maximum flood (AMF) peaks with corresponding flood volumes (which is a typical choice for engineering studies). The bivariate modelling of the extracted peak discharge - flood volume couples is achieved with the use of the Ali-Mikhail-Haq (AMH), Clayton, Frank, Joe, Gumbel, Hüsler-Reiss, Galambos, Tawn, Normal, Plackett and FGM copula families. Scatterplots of the observed and simulated peak discharge - flood volume pairs and goodness-of-fit tests have been used to assess the overall applicability of the copulas as well as observing any changes in suitable models along the Danube River. The results indicate that for the second data sampling method, almost all of the considered Archimedean class copula families perform better than the other copula families selected for this study, and that for the first method, only the upper-tail-flat copulas excel (except for the AMH copula due to its inability to model stronger relationships).
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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