The paper comments and elaborates upon five pages of P. F. Strawson’s Individuals (1959, 230 - 234), together with his ‘Entity and Identity’ and ''Universals''. The focus is on Strawson’s understanding of individual non-particulars as types or universals, and on his contention that the most obvious non-particular entities (''well-entrenched non-particulars'') are the broadly conceived artefacts including the works of art. The narrow focus is on the implications of Strawson’s suggestion that ‘an appropriate model for non-particulars of these kinds is that of a model particular - a kind of prototype, or ideal example, itself particular, which serves as a rule or standard for the production of others’ (1959, 233). The paper analyzes the relation between Strawson’s position and the issue of artefacts and their (largely missing) ontology. It also asks about some less obvious affinities between the problem of the non-particulars (and their entrenchment) and Strawson’s concept of a person., Příspěvek komentuje a zpracovává na pěti stranách PF Strawson's Individuals (1959, 230 - 234) spolu s jeho ,,Entity and Identity'' a ,,Universals''. Důraz je kladen na Strawsonovo chápání jednotlivých ne-specifik jako typů nebo univerzálů, a na jeho tvrzení, že nejzřejmějšími nespecifickými entitami (,,dobře zakořeněné nešpecifické'') jsou široce pojaté artefakty včetně uměleckých děl. Úzké zaměření je na důsledky Strawsonova návrhu, že ,,vhodným modelem pro ne-detaily těchto druhů je model konkrétního modelu - určitý typ prototypu, nebo ideální příklad, který je sám o sobě, který slouží jako pravidlo nebo standard pro produkce druhých ''(1959, 233). Článek analyzuje vztah mezi postavením Strawsona a problematikou artefaktů a jejich (převážně chybějící) ontologií., and Karel Thein
The aim of study was to review the status of arterial pH, pO2 and pCO2 under general anesthesias in dependence on the light-dark (LD) cycle in spontaneously breathing rats. The experiments were performed using three- to four-month-old pentobarbital(P)-, ketamine/xylazine(K/X)- and zoletil(Z)-anesthetized female Wistar rats after a four-week adaptation to an LD cycle (12 h light:12 h dark). The animals were divided into three experimental groups according to the anesthetic agent used: P (light n=11; dark n=8); K/X (light n=13; dark n=11); and Z (light n=18; dark n=26). pH and blood gases from arterial blood were analyzed. In P anesthesia, LD differences in pH, pO2, and pCO2 were eliminated. In K/X anesthesia, parameters showed significant LD differences. In Z anesthesia, LD differences were detected for pH and pO2 only. Acidosis, hypoxia, and hypercapnia have been reported for all types of anesthesia during the light period. In the dark period, except for P anesthesia, the environment was more stable and values fluctuated within normal ranges. From a chronobiological perspective, P anesthesia was not the most appropriate type of anesthesia in these rat experiments. It eliminated LD differences, and also produced a more acidic environment and more pronounced hypercapnia than K/X and Z anesthesias., P. Svorc, D. Petrášová, P. Svorc Jr., and Obsahuje bibliografii