The article publishes an as yet unknown fundamental report on the history of the Cistercian Monastery in Sedlec near Kutná Hora and its Gothic Convent Church of the Assumption of Our Lady and Saint John the Baptist. According to annals dating back to the mid-fifteenth century, namely folio 169v in codex Mk 108 of the Moravian Library in Brno, the foundation stone for the new Convent Basilica was laid in 1304 by the Bohemian King Wenceslas II. This record thus gives a precise date for the commencement of work to build this exceptional example of Gothic architecture and presents further proof of the close ties between Wenceslas II and the Cistercian order and Heidenreich, the abbot of Sedlec. and Jiří Doležel.
Monografie se na vybraných tématech zabývá vztahem velmocí k Československu v dramatické dekádě 1938 až 1948. Recenzent komentuje zpracování těchto témat v jednotlivých kapitolách a oceňuje autorovu velkou erudici, bohaté využití pramenů i širokou kontextualizaci a přesvědčivost výkladu. Konstatuje, že jeho práce vybočuje z tradičních českých a slovenských přístupů k dané problematice přednostním zájmem o postoje a motivy zahraničních politických aktérů a zohledněním mezinárodních souvislostí v celé jejich spletitosti, jejichž analýza ho dovádí častěji k závěrům otevřeným další diskusi než ke kategorickým soudům. Osobnost prezidenta Edvarda Beneše (1884-1948) nestojí v takto rozvrženém podání tolik v popředí, jak bývá zvykem, a je autorem nahlížena v podstatných ohledech spíše kriticky. Podle recenzenta by se Smetanova monografie, kterou charakterizuje jako pestré plátno dějinných zápletek napnuté v pevném rámu, měla stát pro historiky období druhé světové a počátků studené války klasickým dílem., Using selected topics, the monograph Neither war, nor peace: The powers, Czechoslovakia and Central Europe in seven dramas at the threshold of the Second World and Cold Wars describes the relationship of the powers to Czechoslovakia during the dramatic decade between 1938 and 1948. The reviewer comments on how these topics are dealt with in each chapter, appreciating the author´s erudition. ample use of sources, as well as the broad contextualization and convincing power of interpretation. He concludes, that Smetana´s work deviates from traditonal Cezch and Slovak approaches to the themes in that it assigns priority to attitudes and motives of foreign political players and takes into account the international context in all its complexity the analysis of which leads the author to conclusions open ot further discussion rahter than to categorical judgments. The author´s approach does not make the personality of President Edvard Beneš (1884-1948) stand out as much as is usually the case; instead, the author views President Beneš rather critically. According to the reviewer, Smetana´s smonograph, which he characterizes as a colourful canvas of historical plots stretched in a solid frame, should become a classical work for historians studying the period of the Second World War and beginnings of the Cold War., [autor recenze] Pavol Jakubec., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The first Noble Colleges were founded in the 17th and 18th centuries by Jesuits and Piarists as an extension of existing secondary schools with the aim of providing education for the sons of impoverished gentlefolk. In the context of the Counter-Reformation these institutions placed especial emphasis on religious education and the formation of moral and ethical values in their pupils. They were intended chiefly for Catholics of noble birth and Catholic converts who would otherwise have received no education because their parents could not afford it or had died young. After the accession of Marie Theresa and the introduction of new legislation (Articles 74/1715 and 70/1723), the state took charge of these establishments, and with them their scholars, their welfare and their upbringing. Religious education and rote-learning of a narrow curriculum was now supplemented by foreign languages (German, Hungarian and French) and other subjects (calligraphy, arithmetic and geography). In the latter half of the 18th century the Viennese court set up a number of noble academies, including several in Hungary where young Hungarian noblemen could acquire an education commensurate with their social standing. Under Marie Theresa’s system of royal scholarships many poor students from the middle and lower nobility were able to receive an education. During her reign scholarship places in the academies and noble colleges became an instrument of social policy used by senior civil servants as rewards for services rendered, thus ensuring a new generation of public officials indebted and loyal to the Viennese Court., Ingrid Kušniráková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
a1_Článek se na příkladu plánování Prahy v šedesátých až osmdesátých letech minulého století zabývá proměnou chápání socialistického města mezi urbanisty a architekty. Autor popisuje, jak se po projevu Nikity Chruščova o architektuře z roku 1954 znovu prosazovala generace meziválečné modernistické avantgardy inspirovaná pracemi Karla Teigeho (1900-1951). Hlavním architektem Prahy se stal její vlivný příslušník Jiří Voženílek (1909-1986), pod jehož vedením vznikl na přelomu padesátých a šedesátých let Směrný plán hlavního města Prahy. Autor analyzuje tento plán jako příklad socialistického modernismu a urbanistického optimismu jeho tvůrců, kteří věřili, že při správné aplikaci principů meziválečné avantgardní architektury se může urbanistická transformace stát základem společenské transformace socialismu. Plánu měly padnout za oběť nejen všechny obytné čtvrtě Velké Prahy postavené na přelomu století, ale také samotný princip tradičního města se sítí živých ulic, které v očích socialistických urbanistů zosobňovaly všechna zla dosavadní výstavby měst: míšení funkcí, přílišnou hustotu obyvatel, nedostatek světla a vzduchu. Opakem tradičních ulic se měla stát nově budovaná sídliště s mnohapatrovými panelovými domy uprostřed zeleně., a2_Článek sleduje, jak již od poloviny šedesátých let sílila kritika sídlištní výstavby, na které se podílel především urbanista Jiří Hrůza (1925-2012). Pod dojmem prací americké novinářky a urbanistické aktivistky Jane Jacobsové (1916-2006) pak na počátku sedmdesátých let podal soustavnou kritiku socialistického modernismu a zpochybnil samotný princip urbanistického plánování jako prostředku společenské transformace. Tato intelektuální skepse se brzy přenesla i do praxe pražského městského plánování, které ustoupilo od modernistických principů zónování a přiznalo tradičním čtvrtím nejdříve urbanistickou a později i architektonickou hodnotu. Nakonec autor sleduje, jak se tento urbanistický obrat střetával s praxí stavební výroby a politickou preferencí rychlé bytové výstavby., a1_Using the planning in Prague between the 1960s and 1980s as an example, the article deals with the transformation of the concept of a socialist city among urbanists and architects. The author describes how the generation of the inter-war modernist avant-garde inspired by works of Karel Teige (1900-1951) started reasserting itself again after Khrushchev´s speech on architecture in 1954. Its influential member, Jiří Voženílek (1909-1986), became the Chief Architect of Prague. It was under his leadership that the General Plan of the Capital City of Prague was drafted at the turn of the 1950s and 1960s. The author analyzes the plan as an example of the socialist modernism and urbanistic optimism of its creators who believed that, subject to a correct application of principles of inter-war avant-garde architecture, an urbanistic transformation might become the base of a social transformation of socialism. The plan envisaged sacrifing not only all residential quarters of Greater Prague built at the turn of the century, but also the very principle of a traditional city with a network of living streets which socialist urbanists saw as an incarnation of all evils that the development of towns and cities had thitherto been governed by: mixing of functions, too high density of population, lack of light and air. New housing projects comprising high-rise prefab residential buildings set in greenery were to become the opposite of traditional streets., a2_The article explains how criticism of the housing schemes, the chief representative of which was urbanist Jiří Hrůza (1925-2012), had been growing stronger since as early as the mid-1960s. Influenced by works of US journalist and urbanistic activist Jane Jacobs (1916-2006), he presented a comprehensive critique of socialist modernism and questioned they very principle of urban planning as a tool of social transformation. The intellectual skepticism was soon thereafter reflected in urban planning practices in Prague; they abandoned the modernistic principle of zoning and acknowledged the value (first urbanistic, later architectural) of traditional quarters. In the end of the article, the author analyzes how the urbanistic turning point was confronted with building industry practices and political preferences demanding rapid construction of flats and apartments., Petr Roubal., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
This study is based on the author‘s paper entitled „Przemiany kulturowe na prełomie epok kamienia i brazu na Morawach i wokól Moraw w świetle przemysłów krzemieniarskich“ wirtten as part of a habilitation thesis completed at the Socio-Historical Faculty of the Rzeszów University. Polish and English versions of this paper are available on the Central Committee for Scientific Degrees and Titles (Warsaw, Poland) web page. Due to the wide scope of the issue, this work includes only a review of lithic industries from Young Eneolithic (Jevišovice, Bošáca and Globular Amphora cultures) until the end of the Early Bronze Age (the Věteřov group) on the territories of Moravia and Czech Silesia. Comprehensive analyses of typology, technology and changes in raw material preferences have revealed specific evolutionary patterns. Cultural transformations towards the end of the Stone Age resulted in the formation of the Bronze Age in eastern Central Europe. The research indicates that Moravia played an important role in these transformations, significantly influencing the adjacent regions (Lower Austria, Bohemia, Silesia and southwest Slovakia)., Lubomír Šebela., and Obsahuje seznam literatury