Characterization of different component processes of photosynthesis is useful to understand the growth status of plants and to discover possible unintended effects of genetic modification on photosynthesis in transgenic plants. We focused on the changes in photosynthetic gas-exchange properties, reflectance spectra, and plant growth traits among groups of different transgenic barley T1 (TolT1) and its isogenic controls (TolNT1), TolT1, and group of its own transgenic progenies T2 (TolT2), TolNT1 and its wild type (WT), respectively. Gas-exchange measurements showed that only the net photosynthetic rate (P N) and the light-use efficiency (LUE) differed significantly between TolT1 and TolT2 with no obvious changes of other characteristics. Reflectance measurements indicated that the reflectance ratio was sensitive to identify the differences between two barley groups. Differences in reflectance expressed on an index basis depended on barley groups. The relationship between LUE and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) at a leaf level among different barley groups of WT, TolNT1, TolT1 and TolT2 did not changed obviously. The differences in the total leaf area per plant (LA) between WT and TolNT1 as well as between TolT1 and TolT2 were significant. This study finally provided a plausible complex explanation for the unintended effects of genetic transformation on photosynthesis-related properties in barley at different levels. Furthermore, it was concluded that the photosynthesis-related properties of transgenic plants based on gas exchange, leaf reflectance, and plant growth measurements responded to the same environment in a more different way between two subsequent generations than to the processes of the gene insertion by Agrobacterium and associated tissue culture., C. X. Sun ... [et al. ]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Usually, an abelian $\ell $-group, even an archimedean $\ell $-group, has a relatively large infinity of distinct $a$-closures. Here, we find a reasonably large class with unique and perfectly describable $a$-closure, the class of archimedean $\ell $-groups with weak unit which are “$\mathbb Q$-convex”. ($\mathbb Q$ is the group of rationals.) Any $C(X,\mathbb Q)$ is $\mathbb Q$-convex and its unique $a$-closure is the Alexandroff algebra of functions on $X$ defined from the clopen sets; this is sometimes $C(X)$.
We investigate the problem with perturbed periodic boundary values \[ \left\rbrace \begin{array}{ll}y^{\prime \prime \prime }(x) + a_2(x) y^{\prime \prime }(x) + a_1(x) y^{\prime }(x) + a_0(x) y(x) = f(x) , y^{(i)}(T) = c y^{(i)}(0), \ i = 0, 1, 2; \ 0 < c < 1 \end{array}\right.\] with $a_2, a_1, a_0 \in C[0,T]$ for some arbitrary positive real number $T$, by transforming the problem into an integral equation with the aid of a piecewise polynomial and utilizing the Fredholm alternative theorem to obtain a condition on the uniform norms of the coefficients $a_2$, $a_1$ and $a_0$ which guarantees unique solvability of the problem. Besides having theoretical value, this problem has also important applications since decay is a phenomenon that all physical signals and quantities (amplitude, velocity, acceleration, curvature, etc.) experience.
It is proved that a radical class $\sigma $ of lattice-ordered groups has exactly one cover if and only if it is an intersection of some $\sigma $-complement radical class and the big atom over $\sigma $.
Let k be a nonnegative integer or infinity. For a ∈ C ∪ {∞} we denote by Ek(a; f) the set of all a-points of f where an a-point of multiplicity m is counted m times if m ≤ k and k + 1 times if m > k. If Ek(a; f) = Ek(a; g) then we say that f and g share the value a with weight k. Using this idea of sharing values we study the uniqueness of meromorphic functions whose certain nonlinear differential polynomials share a nonzero polynomial with finite weight. The results of the paper improve and generalize the related results due to Xia and Xu (2011) and the results of Li and Yi (2011).
In this paper, we investigate the uniqueness problem of difference polynomials sharing a small function. With the notions of weakly weighted sharing and relaxed weighted sharing we prove the following: Let f(z) and g(z) be two transcendental entire functions of finite order, and α(z) a small function with respect to both f(z) and g(z). Suppose that c is a non-zero complex constant and n ≥ 7 (or n ≥ 10) is an integer. If f n (z)(f(z)−1)f(z +c) and g n (z)(g(z) − 1)g(z + c) share ''(α(z), 2)'' (or (α(z), 2)∗ ), then f(z) ≡ g(z). Our results extend and generalize some well known previous results.
Let $FG$ be a group algebra of a group $G$ over a field $F$ and ${\mathcal U}(FG)$ the unit group of $FG$. It is a classical question to determine the structure of the unit group of the group algebra of a finite group over a finite field. In this article, the structure of the unit group of the group algebra of the non-abelian group $G$ with order $21$ over any finite field of characteristic $3$ is established. We also characterize the structure of the unit group of $FA_4$ over any finite field of characteristic $3$ and the structure of the unit group of $FQ_{12}$ over any finite field of characteristic $2$, where $Q_{12}=\langle x, y; x^6=1, y^2=x^3, x^y=x^{-1} \rangle $.
As a first step in the search for curvature homogeneous unit tangent sphere bundles we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for a manifold to have a unit tangent sphere bundle with constant scalar curvature. We give complete classifications for low dimensions and for conformally flat manifolds. Further, we determine when the unit tangent sphere bundle is Einstein or Ricci-parallel.
In this paper, we consider the classification of unital extensions of $AF$-algebras by their six-term exact sequences in $K$-theory. Using the classification theory of $C^*$-algebras and the universal coefficient theorem for unital extensions, we give a complete characterization of isomorphisms between unital extensions of $AF$-algebras by stable Cuntz algebras. Moreover, we also prove a classification theorem for certain unital extensions of $AF$-algebras by stable purely infinite simple $C^*$-algebras with nontrivial $K_1$-groups up to isomorphism.