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492. $R_0$-algebras and weak dually residuated lattice ordered semigroups
- Creator:
- Lianzhen, Liu and Kaitai, Li
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- $R_0$-algebra, DRL-semigroup, and WDRL-semigroup
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We introduce the notion of weak dually residuated lattice ordered semigroups (WDRL-semigroups) and investigate the relation between $R_0$-algebras and WDRL-semigroups. We prove that the category of $R_0$-algebras is equivalent to the category of some bounded WDRL-semigroups. Moreover, the connection between WDRL-semigroups and DRL-semigroups is studied.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
493. $w^*$-basic sequences and reflexivity of Banach spaces
- Creator:
- John, Kamil
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- reflexive Banach space, Schauder basis, quotient space, w$^*$-basic sequence, and tensor product
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We observe that a separable Banach space $X$ is reflexive iff each of its quotients with Schauder basis is reflexive. Similarly if $\mathcal L(X,Y)$ is not reflexive for reflexive $X$ and $Y$ then $\mathcal L(X_1, Y)$ is is not reflexive for some $X_1\subset X$, $X_1$ having a basis.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
494. ''Američan - a musí emigrovat do Československa!'': Škvoreckého jazzman Herbert Ward optikou zpráv FBI
- Creator:
- Petr Vidomus
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- historiografie, imigranti, jazzoví hudebníci, historiography, immigrants, jazz musicians, 8, and 93/94
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- a1_Jednou z klíčových postav povídky Josefa Škvoreckého Malá pražská matahára (1955) je americký hudebník Robert Bulwer. Jeho statutu politického azylanta ,,vyhladovělí pražští fandové'' dovedně využijí k propašování jazzové revue na pražská pódia v době, kdy je tento žánr stále ještě považován za podezřelý. Fiktivní postava Bulwera má reálný předobraz v americkém jazzovém hráči na kontrabas Herbertu Wardovi (1921-1994), který spolu s manželkou, tanečnicí a choreografkou Jacqueline Wardovou (1919-2014) a dvěma syny požádal v roce 1954 o politický azyl v socialistickém Československu a poté do roku 1964 žil v Praze. Autor na základě odtajněných spisů amerického Federálního úřadu pro vyšetřování (FBI), ale i českých a jiných archivních pramenů a dobového tisku vykresluje životní příběh manželů Wardových, zejména jejich působení v Evropě, okolnosti získání azylu a život v Československu. Tento příběh zasazuje do kontextu pronásledování takzvané neamerické činnosti (mccarthismu) ve Spojených státech po vypuknutí studené války, kterým byla vedle jiných levicových umělců postižena také řada jazzových hudebníků a v němž shledává motivy k odchodu Wardových z Ameriky do Dánska v roce 1950. Značnou pozornost věnuje otázce členství Wardových v Komunistické straně USA a spřízněných levicových organizacích a důvodům zájmu FBI o jejich činnost., a2_V líčení jejich autora života v Praze poutá umělecké působení obou manželů, zejména Wardova revuální pásma přibližující pražskému publiku historii jazzu, a později v šedesátých letech jejich narůstající deziluze z pobytu v Československu, která je přivedla k návratu do USA. Stať je mimo jiné příspěvkem do nedávno započaté diskuse o anglicky mluvící levicové komunitě v Československu po začátku studené války a zároveň ilustruje práci FBI v době amerického mccarthismu., a1_One of the key characters of Josef Škvorecký´s short story Prague´s Little Mara Hara (1955) is an American musician named Robert Bulwer. ''Music-hungry fans of Prague'' skillfully use his political refugee´s status to smuggle a jazz revue onto stages of Prague at the time the music style is still viewed as something suspicious. The fictitious character of Bulwer was based on a realistic archetype, American double-bass jazz player Herbert Ward (1921-1994), who together with his wife, dancer and choreographer Jacqueline Ward (1919-2014) and two sons asked for political asylum in socialist Czechoslovakia in 1954 and then lived in Prague until 1964. Using declassified files of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), but also information from Czech and other archival sources and period press, the author depicts the life story of the Wards, in particular their presence in Europe, circumstances under which the asylum was granted, and their life in Czechoslovakia. He sets the story into the context of persecution of so-called un-American activities (McCarthyism) in the United States after the outbreak of the Cold War; in addition to other left-wing artists, the campaign also affected many jazz musicians, and Petr Vidomus sees motives for the 1950 departure of the Wards from the USA to Denmark in it. He pays a lot of attention to the issue of the Wards´ membership in the Communist Party of the USA and related left-wing organizations and reasons of the FBI´s interest in their activities. Insofar as their life in Prague is concerned, the author is interested primarily in their artistic activities, in particular Herbert Ward´s revues describing the history of jazz to Prague´s audience, and later, in the 1960s, their disillusionment with the life in Czechoslovakia, which made them return to the United States., a2_The article is, inter alia, a contribution to a recently started discussion about the English-speaking left-wing community in Czechoslovakia after the beginning of the Cold War, and also illustrates the work of the FBI during the era of McCarthyism in the United States., Petr Vidomus., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
495. ''Bez sociální politiky to nejde!'': k výzkumu sociálněpolitické praxe na území Protektorátu Čechy a Morava
- Creator:
- Radka Šustrová
- Format:
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- sociální politika, dějiny sociální politiky, Protektorát Čechy a Morava (1939-1945), social politics, history social politics, protectorate Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1945), 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Sociální politika v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava představuje jedno z klíčových témat současného výzkumu dějin tohoto období. Článek se zabývá možnostmi, jak zkoumat tuto problematiku s ohledem na nejnovější badatelské trendy ve výzkumu nacionálního socialismu. V úvodním nástinu historiografického zpracování protektorátní sociální politiky je naznačena zejména převládající jednotvárnost v argumentaci, nesystémovost výkladu a omezení české a československé historiografické produkce na etnicky české obyvatelstvo. Dosavadní výzkum zcela rezignuje na zasazení sociální politiky do kontextu dějin společnosti. Autorka tak nejdříve načrtává společenský rámec, který reprezentuje koncept „národního společenství“ (Volksgemeinschaft), v němž se utvářely a realizovaly představy o smyslu a funkci sociální politiky. V další části se zaměřuje na obsahové vymezení pojmu „sociální politika“ v podobě, jak jej chápali nacističtí teoretici po roce 1933. V závěrečné části se pokouší o definování nově utvářených sociálních poměrů v česko-německém prostředí Protektorátu Čechy a Morava a naznačuje možnosti jejich analýzy v oblasti realizace sociální politiky. Za perspektivní považuje jednak sledování procesu uplatňování příslušných měřítek v říši a protektorátu v rovině expertního diskurzu, jednak výzkum vlastní sociálněpolitické praxe. V rozdílných motivacích režimu při realizaci sociálněpolitických opatření ve vztahu k různých skupinám obyvatelstva spatřuje autorka nejpodstatnější aspekty realizace sociální politiky na škále od sociálního vyloučení po formy sociálního ochranářství., Social policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, from mid-March 1939 to early May 1945, is a key topic in contemporary research on the history of this brief period. The article is concerned with the possible approaches to research with regard to the latest trends in research on National Socialism. It begins with an outline of the historiography of social policy in the Protectorate, which is marked chiefly by a predominant uniformity of argumentation, a lack of systematic approach to interpretation, and Czech and Czechoslovak historians’ limiting themselves to the ethnically Czech population. Research conducted so far has completely failed to put social policy into the context of social history. The author thus first provides an outline of the social framework, which represents the concept of a Volksgemeinschaft (national/ethnic/racial community), in which ideas about the purpose and function of social policy were formed and implemented. In the next part, she focuses on the definition of the term ‘social policy’ as understood by Nazi theorists after 1933. In the last part of the article, she seeks to define the new social relations in the Czech-German environment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and suggests possibilities of its analysis in the area of the implementation of social policy. She believes that it will be fruitful to study the implementation of the relevant criteria in the Reich and the Protectorate at the level of discussions among experts, and to research social policy in practice. The author sees the most important aspects of the implementation of social policy as residing in the various motivations of the régime when implementing social policy in relation to different parts of the population, ranging from social exclusion to forms of social protectionism., Radka Šustrová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
496. ''Drahý pane kancléři…'' Vzájemná korespondence Milady Paulové a Přemysla Šámala, I, II
- Creator:
- Procházková, Lenka
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Autor recenze: Lenka Procházková
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
497. ''Drahý pane kancléři…'' Vzájemná korespondence Milady Paulové a Přemysla Šámala: I. díl (1921-1935)
- Creator:
- Jiroušek, Bohumil
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Autor recenze: Bohumil Jiroušek
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
498. ''Exilové internacionály'' ve studené válce jako nástroj boje proti komunismu
- Creator:
- Martin Nekola
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- dějiny, history, 8, and 93/94
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Studie se zabývá formováním a vývojem nadnárodních organizací politických exulantů ze zemí za železnou oponou na Západě, především během první fáze studené války. Hlavním záměrem textu je poskytnout základní faktografický přehled a nastínit možné srovnání typů, aktivit a cílů protikomunistických exilových organizací. Ať už se jednalo o politické strany, národní výbory, nebo ideologické a profesní organizace působící v exilových podmínkách, úloha a postavení těchto subjektů podle autora fatálně závisely na změnách mezinárodní situace a míře podpory poskytované vládami západních zemí, především Spojených států amerických. Dokladuje to jejich hromadné zakládání na přelomu čtyřicátých a padesátých let minulého století, poměrně krátké období skutečné aktivity v první polovině padesátých let a poté postupný, leč nezvratný úpadek v dalších desetiletích. Detailněji se autor zaměřil na pět nejvýznamnějších „exilových internacionál“: Mezinárodní rolnickou unii, Socialistickou unii střední a východní Evropy, Liberálnědemokratickou unii střední a východní Evropy, Křesťanskodemokratickou unii střední Evropy a Mezinárodní ústředí svobodných odborů v exilu. Ač dosáhly jistého významu a v jejich strukturách působila řada Čechů, domácí historiografie dosud nevěnovala tomuto typu organizací, a ostatně ani celé kapitole exilu v době studené války, systematickou pozornost., The article is concerned with the formation and development of the supranational organizations in the West which were composed of political exiles from the countries behind the Iron Curtain, mainly during the fi rst phase of the Cold War. The article sets out chiefl y to provide a basic factual overview and to outline a possible comparison of the types, activities, and aims of the anti-Communist exile organizations. Regardless of whether they were political parties, national committees, or ideological and professional organizations working in exile, the task and status of these subjects depended entirely, the author argues, on changes in the international situation and the degree of support from Western governments, chiefl y the United States of America. That is demonstrated by their being established one after the other in the late 1940s and early 1950s, their comparatively short period of real activity in the fi rst half of the 1950s, and, later, their gradual, though irreversible, decline over the next decades. The author then focuses in detail on the fi ve most important ‘exile internationals’: the International Peasant Union, the Socialist Union of Central and Eastern Europe, the Liberal Democratic Union of Central and Eastern Europe, the Christian Democratic Union of Central Europe, and the International Centre of Free Trade Unions in Exile. Although these groups achieved some importance, and although a number of Czechs worked in their organizations, Czech historians have yet to pay systematic attention to them, let alone to the chapter of Cold War exiles as a whole., and Martin Nekola.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
499. ''Getting around to the human being in the next quarter'': leisure time in the Czech lands 1948-1956
- Creator:
- Franc, Martin and Knapík, Jiří
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- historiography, Czech lands, and Communist takeove
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The authors consider the changes in the conception, organization, ways of spending, and forms of leisure in the Czech Lands from the establishment of the Communist monopoly on power in early 1948 to the second half of the 1950s. (After this point leisure time here began strikingly to change under the infl uence of consumerist trends.) They consider the topic in the context of the dominant ideology and changes in economic, social, and arts policies. The authors take into account gender differences, contrasts between town and country, and special features of social groups. They pay particular attention to leisure amongst young people and children. The authors do not, however, see the Communist takeover of February 1948 as a watershed in the sphere of leisure. Instead, they demonstrate both the continuity and differences between the period of limited democracy, from May 1945 to February 1948, and the years that followed. In some cases, they highlight features that were identical in Nazi German and Communist approaches to leisure activities (the rejection of jazz, ''trash'' (brak) in the arts, and Western infl uences in general). The authors discuss how the Communist regime intervened intensively in the way people chose to spend their free time, in its endeavour to shape a new type of man and woman in the new social conditions. At the same time, particularly in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the State so emphasized the importance of the work of building socialism, that leisure was seen as a ''necessary evil'', since it used up valuable physical and mental energy that would have been better spent on increasing productivity. For the same aims, but also with regard to the idea of somewhatdemocratising the arts, the regime gave preference to activities such as political and vocational self-education as well as the study of selected arts and cultural values. In keeping with the subordination of the individual to the interests of society, collective forms of recreation and the leisure (holidays spent with groups of co-workers, mass group visits to plays, fi lms, concerts, museums, galleries, and, later, Pioneer camps) were given priority. Traditional club activity and individual leisure were seen as ''bourgeois survivals''. Some young people’s non-conformist leisure activities met with suspicion from the authorities or with outright repression. Amongst the models of leisure that the regime held worthy of emulation were the Socialist youth construction projects (stavby mládeže), ''volunteer'' work, and additional instruction or training. The new organizations, such as the Revolutionary Trades Union Movement (Revoluční odborové hnutí - ROH), the Czechoslovak Union of Youth (Československý svaz mládeže - ČSM), and the Union for Co-operation with the Army (Svaz pro spolupráci s armádou - Svazarm), which took the place of the earlier clubs and associations, comported with the new ideology and provided the required forms of leisure. The authorities endeavoured also to support considerably developed and differentiated hobbies, such as making art, playing board games, and collecting. Special facilities were established to run these activities, including the enterprise-based clubs of the ROH, houses of culture (kulturní domy), and people’s educational societies (osvětové besedy). Forms of universally accessible activity, like chess and phillumeny (collecting matchbox labels), were supported, whereas fi nancially more demanding hobbies or those linked to private gain, such as philately or numismatics, were marginalized. A slight retreat from the ideologised conception of leisure came with the so-called ''new course'' of 1953. But more striking changes were made in the second half of the 1950s. These years, which saw shorter working weeks, a higher standard of living than before, and the emergence of consumerist trends, are described by the authors as a period of the planned expansion of leisure and its gradual individualisation.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
500. ''He who leads - controls!'': corporate management and rigours of ''Socialist control'' in Czechoslovak enterprises in the 1980s
- Creator:
- Vilímek, Tomáš and Mareš, Jiří
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- period of late socialism and historic
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The study deals with issues of corporate management and pitfalls of the ''socialist supervision'' in Czechoslovak enterprises in the period of late socialism. Using documents of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the State Security, period texts and specialized publications, it shows how party organs and state authorities were unsuccessfully trying to make supervisory mechanisms and audits a functional tool of the implementation of the ruling party´s economic policy. The author analyzes the supervisory and audit mechanisms that were used, and outlines basic reasons of the almost fatal failure of supervisory activities of the system which was, in a way, obsessed with supervision and control. He explains the systemic conditionality of the supervisory system which socialist managers often and in many respects bent to suit the needs of the enterprises they were in charge of; such situation naturally did not match the needs of the society as a whole. Using many specifi c cases as an example, the study graphically shows that members of the Czechoslovak corporate management community in the 1980s were fully aware of systemic, political and social limitations of the supervisory system which they managed to modify, fairly successfully, to suit intra-corporate conditions. The result was a situation in which the party leadership was reacting to increasingly obvious symptoms of the “agony of the centrally planned economy” by adopting various directives and guidelines to make the supervisory process more effective and to consistently promote the ''whoever manages - supervises'' principle. However, the anticipated effect did not materialize and, at the end of the day, the non-functional supervisory mechanisms made a substantial contribution to the collapse of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia. and Překlad: Jiří Mareš
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public